{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:01:34Z","timestamp":1765231294503,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Medical University of Lublin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DS640","PBsd162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS640","PBsd162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, commonly known as HD, is one of the most common thyroid disorders. Due to the diverse factors affecting the etiopathogenesis of this disease (hormonal disorders and genetic and environmental factors), as well as the direct involvement of the immune system, scientists are increasingly willing to undertake research aimed at explaining the impact of the loss of immune tolerance and reactivity of autoantigens on the development of the disease. One of the directions of research in recent years is the role of the innate immune response, particularly Toll-like receptors (TLRs), in the pathogenesis of HD. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression on selected populations of immune cells, namely, monocytes (MONs) and dendritic cells (DCs), in the course of HD. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of TLR2\u2019s correlation with clinical parameters and the possibility its use as a potential biomarker molecule in the diagnostic process. Based on the obtained results, we found a statistically significant increase in the percentage of all analyzed populations of immune cells, i.e., mDC BDCA-1+CD19\u2212, pDC BDCA-1+CD123, classical MONs CD14+CD16\u2212, and non-classical MONs CD14+CD16+ showing on their surface TLR2 expression in patients diagnosed with HD compared to the healthy volunteers. Moreover, in the study group, we noted a more than 6-fold increase in the concentration of the soluble form of TLR2 in plasma compared to healthy patients. In addition, the correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between the level of TLR2 expression on selected subpopulations of immune cells and biochemical indicators of thyroid function. Based on the obtained results, we can assume that TLR2 may be involved in the immunopathogenesis of HD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T05:36:21Z","timestamp":1678685781000},"page":"5344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Role of Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2) in the Development and Progression of Hashimoto\u2019s Disease (HD): A Case Study on Female Patients in Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Klatka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Polak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9530-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Mertowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7121-1396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Mertowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3420-4832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"\u0141yczba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hymos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1634-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Korona-G\u0142owniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Grywalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2016.04.003","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Thyroid Autoimmune Disease: The Role of Cellular Mechanisms","volume":"63","author":"Marazuela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinol. 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