{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:15:22Z","timestamp":1792606522199,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]],"date-time":"2023-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aldosterone, a vital hormone of the human body, has various pathophysiological roles. The excess of aldosterone, also known as primary aldosteronism, is the most common secondary cause of hypertension. Primary aldosteronism is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and kidney dysfunction compared to essential hypertension. Excess aldosterone can lead to harmful metabolic and other pathophysiological alterations, as well as cause inflammatory, oxidative, and fibrotic effects in the heart, kidney, and blood vessels. These alterations can result in coronary artery disease, including ischemia and myocardial infarction, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, arterial fibrillation, intracarotid intima thickening, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. Thus, aldosterone affects several tissues, especially in the cardiovascular system, and the metabolic and pathophysiological alterations are related to severe diseases. Therefore, understanding the effects of aldosterone on the body is important for health maintenance in hypertensive patients. In this review, we focus on currently available evidence regarding the role of aldosterone in alterations of the cardiovascular and renal systems. We also describe the risk of cardiovascular events and renal dysfunction in hyperaldosteronism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T05:36:21Z","timestamp":1678685781000},"page":"5370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["The Effect of Aldosterone on Cardiorenal and Metabolic Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hiromasa","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hatogaya Hospital, Saitama 334-0003, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Room and General Medicine, Ageo Central General Hospital, Saitama 362-8588, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9156-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masanori","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9674-0374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30319-4","article-title":"Cardiovascular events and target organ damage in primary aldosteronism compared with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Monticone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02704-2","article-title":"Higher risk of chronic kidney disease and progressive kidney function impairment in primary aldosteronism than in essential hypertension. 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