{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T20:57:17Z","timestamp":1789160237687,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microcirculatory and mitochondrial dysfunction are considered the main mechanisms of septic shock. Studies suggest that statins modulate inflammatory response, microcirculation, and mitochondrial function, possibly through their action on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-\u03b1). The aim of this study was to examine the effects of pravastatin on microcirculation and mitochondrial function in the liver and colon and the role of PPAR-\u03b1 under septic conditions. This study was performed with the approval of the local animal care and use committee. Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sepsis (colon ascendens stent peritonitis, CASP) without treatment as control, sepsis + pravastatin, sepsis + PPAR-\u03b1-blocker GW6471, and sepsis + pravastatin + GW6471. Pravastatin (200 \u00b5g\/kg s.c.) and GW6471 (1 mg\/kg) were applied 18 h before CASP-operation. 24 h after initial surgery, a relaparotomy was performed, followed by a 90 min observation period for assessment of microcirculatory oxygenation (\u03bcHbO2) of the liver and colon. At the end of the experiments, animals were euthanized, and the colon and liver were harvested. Mitochondrial function was measured in tissue homogenates using oximetry. The ADP\/O ratio and respiratory control index (RCI) for complexes I and II were calculated. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assessed using the malondialdehyde (MDA)-Assay. Statistics: two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) + Tukey\u2019s\/Dunnett\u2019s post hoc test for microcirculatory data, Kruskal\u2013Wallis test + Dunn\u2019s post hoc test for all other data. In control septic animals \u00b5HbO2 in liver and colon deteriorated over time (\u00b5HbO2: \u22129.8 \u00b1 7.5%* and \u22127.6 \u00b1 3.3%* vs. baseline, respectively), whereas after pravastatin and pravastatin + GW6471 treatment \u03bcHbO2 remained constant (liver: \u00b5HbO2 pravastatin: \u22124.21 \u00b1 11.7%, pravastatin + GW6471: \u22120.08 \u00b1 10.3%; colon: \u00b5HbO2 pravastatin: \u22120.13 \u00b1 7.6%, pravastatin + GW6471: \u22123.00 \u00b1 11.24%). In both organs, RCI and ADP\/O were similar across all groups. The MDA concentration remained unchanged in all groups. Therefore, we conclude that under septic conditions pravastatin improves microcirculation in the colon and liver, and this seems independent of PPAR-\u03b1 and without affecting mitochondrial function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T05:36:21Z","timestamp":1678685781000},"page":"5455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pravastatin Improves Colonic and Hepatic Microcirculatory Oxygenation during Sepsis without Affecting Mitochondrial Function and ROS Production in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Kuebart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-Joschua","family":"Ripkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3230-6517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa","family":"Tenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5257-1022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika","family":"Raupach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6650-5800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Truse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Hof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Marcus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Vollmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5223-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inge","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Picker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6371-392X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Herminghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy313","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy313","article-title":"Sepsis in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Worldwide Data from the Intensive Care over Nations Audit","volume":"5","author":"Sakr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. 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