{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T01:41:29Z","timestamp":1785289289082,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"St. Petersburg State University","award":["75253103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75253103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic. COVID-19 patients need immediate diagnosis and rehabilitation, which makes it urgent to identify new protein markers for a prognosis of the severity and outcome of the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and secretory phospholipase (sPLA2) in the blood of patients regarding the severity and outcome of COVID-19 infection. The study included clinical and biochemical data obtained from 158 patients with COVID-19 treated at St. Petersburg City Hospital No. 40. A detailed clinical blood test was performed on all patients, as well as an assessment of IL-6, sPLA2, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), APTT, fibrinogen, procalcitonin, D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRB), ferritin, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) levels. It was found that the levels of PLA2, IL-6, APTV, AST, CRP, LDH, IL-6, D-dimer, and ferritin, as well as the number of neutrophils, significantly increased in patients with mild to severe COVID-19 infections. The levels of IL-6 were positively correlated with APTT; the levels of AST, LDH, CRP, D-dimer, and ferritin; and the number of neutrophils. The increase in the level of sPLA2 was positively correlated with the levels of CRP, LDH, D-dimer, and ferritin, the number of neutrophils, and APTT, and negatively correlated with the levels of GFR and lymphocytes. High levels of IL-6 and PLA2 significantly increase the risk of a severe course by 13.7 and 2.24 times, and increase the risk of death from COVID-19 infection by 14.82 and 5.32 times, respectively. We have shown that the blood levels of sPLA2 and IL-6 increase in cases which eventually result in death and when patients are transferred to the ICU (as the severity of COVID-19 infection increases), showing that IL-6 and sPLA2 can be considered as early predictors of aggravation of COVID-19 infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T06:14:58Z","timestamp":1678774498000},"page":"5540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Secretory Phospholipase A2 and Interleukin-6 Levels as Predictive Markers of the Severity and Outcome of Patients with COVID-19 Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5441-2911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav","family":"Urazov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City Hospital 40 of Saint Petersburg, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2464-7370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandr","family":"Chernov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioenergetics Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel"},{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science \u201cInstitute of Experimental Medicine\u201d, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleg","family":"Popov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Hospital 40 of Saint Petersburg, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalya","family":"Klenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Hospital 40 of Saint Petersburg, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalya","family":"Sushentseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Hospital 40 of Saint Petersburg, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Polkovnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Hospital 40 of Saint Petersburg, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Apalko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Hospital 40 of Saint Petersburg, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3828-6692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kseniya","family":"Kislyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Hospital 40 of Saint Petersburg, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragana","family":"Pavlovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Hospital 40 of Saint Petersburg, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Laboratory Diagnostics, Federal State Budgetary Military Educational Institution of Higher Education \u201cMilitary Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov\u201d, 194044 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Shcherbak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Hospital 40 of Saint Petersburg, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Postgraduate Medical Education, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education \u201cSaint-Petersburg State University\u201d, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"567","article-title":"Reconstitution of the receptor-binding motif of the SARS coronavirus","volume":"28","author":"Freund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Protein Eng. Des. 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