{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:31:45Z","timestamp":1790371905261,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development","award":["POWR 03.02.00-00-I029\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POWR 03.02.00-00-I029\/16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The goal of this study was to compare the mechanical properties of experimental resin dental composites containing a conventional photoinitiating system (camphorquinone CQ and 2-(dimethylami-no)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA)) to a photoinitiator system containing 1-phenyl-1,2 propanedione (PPD) with 2-(dimethylami-no)ethyl methacrylate) or acting alone phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (BAPO). The manually produced composites consisted of an organic matrix: bis-GMA (60 wt. %), TEGDMA (40 wt. %), and silanized silica filler (45 wt. %). The composites contained 0.4\/0.8 wt. %, 0.8\/1.6 wt. %, and 1\/2 wt. % of PPD\/DMAEMA and another group included 0.25, 0.5, or 1 wt. % of BAPO. Vickers hardness, microhardness (in the nanoindentation test), diametral tensile strength, and flexural strength were assessed, and CIE L* a* b* colorimetric analysis was conducted for each composite produced. The highest average Vickers hardness values were obtained for the composite containing 1 wt. % BAPO (43.73 \u00b1 3.52 HV). There was no statistical difference in the results of diametral tensile strength for the experimental composites tested. The results of 3-point bending tests were the highest for composites containing CQ (77.3 \u00b1 8.84 MPa). Despite the higher hardness of experimental composites including PPD or BAPO, compared with composites with CQ, the overall results indicate that the composite with CQ still represents a better solution when used as a photoinitiator system. Moreover, the composites containing PPD and DMAEMA are not promising in terms of color or mechanical properties, especially as they require significantly longer irradiation times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T05:53:44Z","timestamp":1678859624000},"page":"5573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of the Selected Mechanical and Aesthetic Properties of Experimental Resin Dental Composites Containing 1-phenyl-1,2 Propanedione or Phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine Oxide as a Photoinitiator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Kowalska-Kuczy\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Soko\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1959-3849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata Iwona","family":"Szynkowska-J\u00f3\u017awik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-543 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4756-8499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Gozdek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12\/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Klajn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12\/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Kopacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cDynamoLab\u201d Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-215 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Medical University of Mazovia, Rydygiera 8, 01-793 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1315-4370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Bociong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2016.05.006","article-title":"Polymerization shrinkage kinetics and shrinkage-stress in dental resin-composites","volume":"32","author":"Silikas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.01.009","article-title":"Influence of viscosity and amine content on C==C conversion and color stability of experimental composites","volume":"31","author":"Camargo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalska, A., Soko\u0142owski, J., Szynkowska-J\u00f3\u2019zwik, M.I., Gozdek, T., Kopacz, K., and Bociong, K. (2022). Can TPO as Photoinitiator Replace \u201cGolden Mean\u201d Camphorquinone and Tertiary Amines in Dental Composites? Testing Experimental Composites Containing Different Concentration of Diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine Oxide. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911594"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.04.044","article-title":"Systematic review of the chemical composition of contemporary dental adhesives","volume":"28","author":"Snauwaert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2012.04.029","article-title":"Competitive light absorbers in photoactive dental resin-based materials","volume":"28","author":"Hadis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"11803709","article-title":"Effect of delayed activation of light-cured resin composites on bonding of all-in-one adhesives","volume":"3","author":"Tay","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Adhes Dent."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1245","article-title":"Analysis of camphorquinone in com-positeresins as a function of shade","volume":"3","author":"Alvim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034507","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2426346","article-title":"Solvent effects on the UV-visible absorption spectrum of benzophenone in water: A com-bined Monte Carlo quantum mechanics study including solute polarization","volume":"126","author":"Georg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"7921247","article-title":"Effect of Camphorqui-none Concentration in Physical-Mechanical Properties of Experimental Flowable Resin Composites","volume":"2018","author":"Alonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-6030(96)04426-7","article-title":"Photoinitiatorsfor UV and visible curing of coatings: Mechanism and properties","volume":"100","author":"Allen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Jphotochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345880670010401","article-title":"Analysis of Photo-initiators in Visible-light-cured Dental CompositeRe-sins","volume":"67","author":"Taira","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2019.09.004","article-title":"Resin based restorative dental materials: Characteristics and future perspectives","volume":"55","author":"Pratap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"64","article-title":"Light curing in dentistry and clinical implications: A literature review Polymerization","volume":"31","author":"Rueggeberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalska, A., Sokolowski, J., and Bociong, K. (2021). The Photoinitiators Used in Resin Based Dental Composite\u2014A Review and Future Perspectives. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13030470"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.28.454","article-title":"Effect of various visible light photoinitiators on the polymerization and coloroflight-activated resins","volume":"28","author":"Arikawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.06.002","article-title":"Bis(4-methyl phenyl)iodonium as an alternative component to diphenyliodonium in camphorquinone-based ternary initiating systems","volume":"6","author":"Verzola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2004.11.013","article-title":"Molar extinction coefficients and the photon absorption efficiency of dental photoinitiators and light curing units","volume":"33","author":"Neumann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.06.005","article-title":"Increased rates of photopolymerisation by ternary type II photoinitiator systems in dental resins","volume":"98","author":"Fonseca","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2016.03.010","article-title":"Effect of diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate on the physical and chemical properties of ethanolic solvated resins containing camphorquinone and 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione sensitizers as initiators","volume":"32","author":"Dressano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2009-137","article-title":"A review of the development of radical photopolymerization initiators used for designing light-curing dental adhesives and resin composites","volume":"29","author":"Ikemura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Mat. J."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1686","article-title":"Photoinitiators With Functional Groups. IX. Hydrophilic Bisacylphosphine Oxides for Acidic Aqueous Formulations","volume":"44","author":"Ullrich","year":"2005","journal-title":"InterScience"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440201700841","article-title":"Influence of Photoinitiator System on Physical-Chemical Properties of Experimental Self-Adhesive Composites","volume":"28","author":"Vinicius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Chiu, C.C. (2016). Liquid Bis-acylphosphine Oxide (BAPO) Photoinitiators. (US20160168177A1), US Patent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.2341\/07-104","article-title":"Depth of cure of dental resin composites: ISO 4049 depth and microhardness of types of materials and shades","volume":"33","author":"Moore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oper Dent."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2012.02.002","article-title":"Depth of cure of resin composites: Is the ISO 4049 method suitable for bulkfill materials?","volume":"28","author":"Flury","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(85)80058-0","article-title":"Correlation between hardness and degree of conversion during the setting reaction of unfilled dental restorativeresins","volume":"1","author":"Ferracane","year":"1985","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(99)00021-4","article-title":"Development of a new photoinitiation system for dental light-cure composite resins","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2011.03.009","article-title":"Can phenyl-propanedione influence Knoop hardness, rate of polymerization and bond strength of resin composite restorations?","volume":"39","author":"Brandt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"263","article-title":"Effect of different photo-initiators and light curing units on degree of conversion of composites","volume":"24","author":"Schneider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1731929","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Experimental Composites with Different Photoinitiator","volume":"16","author":"Catelan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.11.008","article-title":"Evaluation of alternative photoinitiator systems in two-step self-etch adhesive systems","volume":"36","author":"Almeida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.104110","article-title":"Effect of curing-light attenuation on color stability and physical and chemical properties of resin cements containing different photoinitiators","volume":"113","author":"Favarao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12146","article-title":"Effect of Photoinitiator Combinations on Hardness, Depth of Cure, and Color of Model Resin Composites","volume":"27","author":"Salgado","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2009.01.098","article-title":"Effect of delivering light in specific narrow bandwidths from 394 to 515nm on the micro-hardness of resin composites","volume":"25","author":"Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.2341\/18-234-L","article-title":"The Combination of CQ-amine and TPO Increases the Polymerization Shrinkage Stress and Does Not Improve the Depth of Cure of Bulk-fill Composites","volume":"44","author":"Rocha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oper Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572003000300002","article-title":"Mechanical properties of dental restorative materials: Relative contribution of laboratory tests","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalska, A., Sokolowski, J., Gozdek, T., Kopacz, K., and Bociong, K. (2021). The influence of various photoinitiators on the properties ofcommercial dental composite. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13223972"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.1992.1564","article-title":"An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displace-mentsensing indentation experiments","volume":"7","author":"Oliver","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2019). Dentistry\u2014Polymer-Based Restorative Materials (Standard No. ISO 4049)."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5573\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:55:06Z","timestamp":1760122506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24065573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24065573","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]}}}