{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:06:08Z","timestamp":1791489968495,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine","award":["KK.01.1.1.1.01.0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.1.01.0008"]}]},{"name":"Republic of Croatia","award":["KK.01.1.1.1.01.0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.1.01.0008"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["KK.01.1.1.1.01.0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.1.01.0008"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["KK.01.1.1.1.01.0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.1.01.0008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lacrimal gland dysfunction causes dry eye disease (DED) due to decreased tear production. Aqueous-deficient DED is more prevalent in women, suggesting that sexual dimorphism of the human lacrimal gland could be a potential cause. Sex steroid hormones are a key factor in the development of sexual dimorphism. This study aimed to quantify estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) expression in the human lacrimal gland and compare it between sexes. RNA was isolated from 35 human lacrimal gland tissue samples collected from 19 cornea donors. AR, ER\u03b1, and ER\u03b2 mRNA was identified in all samples, and their expression was quantified using qPCR. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on selected samples to evaluate protein expression of the receptors. ER\u03b1 mRNA expression was significantly higher than the expression of AR and ER\u03b2. No difference in sex steroid hormone (SSH) receptor mRNA expression was observed between sexes, and no correlation was observed with age. If ER\u03b1 protein expression is found to be concordant with mRNA expression, it should be investigated further as a potential target for hormone therapy of DED. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of sex steroid hormone receptors in sex-related differences of lacrimal gland structure and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T05:53:44Z","timestamp":1678859624000},"page":"5609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Expression of Androgen and Estrogen Receptors in the Human Lacrimal Gland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7058-4123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koraljka","family":"Hat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Planini\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1528-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davor","family":"Je\u017eek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Snje\u017eana","family":"Ka\u0161telan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wizemann, T.M., and Pardue, M.L. 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