{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T21:41:05Z","timestamp":1776980465538,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica (ANPCYT, Argentina)","award":["PICT 2017-2859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2017-2859"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica (ANPCYT, Argentina)","award":["PICT 2019-0499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2019-0499"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica (ANPCYT, Argentina)","award":["PICT 2020-0691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2020-0691"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica (ANPCYT, Argentina)","award":["PICT-2019-1698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT-2019-1698"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica (ANPCYT, Argentina)","award":["PICT 2020-1173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2020-1173"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarticular injury is the most common presentation of active brucellosis in humans. Osteoblasts and adipocytes originate from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Since those osteoblasts are bone-forming cells, the predilection of MSC to differentiate into adipocytes or osteoblasts is a potential factor involved in bone loss. In addition, osteoblasts and adipocytes can be converted into each other according to the surrounding microenvironment. Here, we study the incumbency of B. abortus infection in the crosstalk between adipocytes and osteoblasts during differentiation from its precursors. Our results indicate that soluble mediators present in culture supernatants from B. abotus-infected adipocytes inhibit osteoblast mineral matrix deposition in a mechanism dependent on the presence of IL-6 with the concomitant reduction of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2) transcription, but without altering organic matrix deposition and inducing nuclear receptor activator ligand k\u03b2 (RANKL) expression. Secondly, B. abortus-infected osteoblasts stimulate adipocyte differentiation with the induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 (PPAR-\u03b3) and CCAAT enhancer binding protein \u03b2 (C\/EBP-\u03b2). We conclude that adipocyte\u2013osteoblast crosstalk during B. abortus infection could modulate mutual differentiation from its precursor cells, contributing to bone resorption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T06:36:36Z","timestamp":1678862196000},"page":"5617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["B. abortus Infection Promotes an Imbalance in the Adipocyte\u2013Osteoblast Crosstalk Favoring Bone Resorption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Rosa Nicole","family":"Freiberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Consejo de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121 ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cinthya Alicia Marcela","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Consejo de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121 ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franco Agust\u00edn","family":"Sviercz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Consejo de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121 ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cintia","family":"Cevallos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Consejo de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121 ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex David","family":"Guano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Consejo de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121 ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"Jarmoluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Consejo de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121 ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5110-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Quarleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Consejo de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121 ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2077-8509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Victoria","family":"Delpino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Consejo de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 11, Buenos Aires C1121 ABG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050570","article-title":"Brucellosis","volume":"352","author":"Pappas","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.150.5.1101","article-title":"Osteoarticular brucellosis: Results of bone scintigraphy in 140 patients","volume":"150","author":"Madkour","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.49.12.994","article-title":"Brucella arthritis: A study of 96 cases in Kuwait","volume":"49","author":"Khateeb","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00256","article-title":"Brucella and Osteoarticular Cell Activation: Partners in Crime","volume":"8","author":"Giambartolomei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.11.3.627","article-title":"The Fine Structure of Bone Cells","volume":"11","author":"Dudley","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvv112","article-title":"The role of osteoclast differentiation and function in skeletal homeostasis","volume":"159","author":"Ikeda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2395","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Uccelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-1100fje","article-title":"Transdifferentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197110000-00021","article-title":"Osteoporosis and the Replacement of Cell Populations of the Marrow by Adipose Tissue. A quantitative study of 84 iliac bone biopsies","volume":"80","author":"Meunier","year":"1971","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.55.9.693","article-title":"Adipocytic proportion of bone marrow is inversely related to bone formation in osteoporosis","volume":"55","author":"Verma","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20367","article-title":"Osteoporosis is associated with increased marrow fat content and decreased marrow fat unsaturation: A proton MR spectroscopy study","volume":"22","author":"Yeung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20777","article-title":"Playing with bone and fat","volume":"98","author":"Gimble","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2066","article-title":"Adipocyte differentiation from the inside out","volume":"7","author":"Rosen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80259-7","article-title":"Cbfa1, a Candidate Gene for Cleidocranial Dysplasia Syndrome, Is Essential for Osteoblast Differentiation and Bone Development","volume":"89","author":"Otto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80258-5","article-title":"Targeted Disruption of Cbfa1 Results in a Complete Lack of Bone Formation owing to Maturational Arrest of Osteoblasts","volume":"89","author":"Komori","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8650","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.151236498","article-title":"Subnuclear targeting of Runx\/Cbfa\/AML factors is essential for tissue-specific differentiation during embryonic development","volume":"98","author":"Choi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23270","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M211610200","article-title":"Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-\u03b3 Inhibits the Runx2-mediated Transcription of Osteocalcin in Osteoblasts","volume":"278","author":"Jeon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.99.1.131","article-title":"Adipocytic cells cultured from marrow have osteogenic potential","volume":"99","author":"Bennett","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.102.2.341","article-title":"Evidence for an inverse relationship between the differentiation of adipocytic and osteogenic cells in rat marrow stromal cell cultures","volume":"102","author":"Beresford","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-8429-z","article-title":"Adipocyte differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Cross talk with the osteoblastogenic program","volume":"66","author":"Muruganandan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muruganandan, S., Ionescu, A.M., and Sinal, C.J. (2020). At the Crossroads of the Adipocyte and Osteoclast Differentiation Programs: Future Therapeutic Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072277"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.2.283","article-title":"An Overview of Human Brucellosis","volume":"21","author":"Young","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12319","article-title":"Comparing immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice as animal models for bone tissue engineering","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"709","article-title":"Effect of short-term betamethasone administration on the regeneration process of tissue-engineered bone","volume":"35","author":"Chihara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viglietti, A.I.P., Giambartolomei, G.H., Quarleri, J., and Delpino, M.V. (2020). Brucella abortus Infection Modulates 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Inflammatory Response and Inhibits Adipogenesis. Front. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.585923"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-013-0514-1","article-title":"IL-6 negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation through the SHP2\/MEK2 and SHP2\/Akt2 pathways in vitro","volume":"32","author":"Kaneshiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00208-12","article-title":"Brucella abortus Invasion of Osteoblasts Inhibits Bone Formation","volume":"80","author":"Scian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00934-10","article-title":"Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor- and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Mediated Matrix Metalloproteinase Production by Human Osteoblasts and Monocytes after Infection with Brucella abortus","volume":"79","author":"Scian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-6009(91)90100-E","article-title":"Initiation and progression of mineralization of bone nodules formed in vitro: The role of alkaline phosphatase and organic phosphate","volume":"14","author":"Bellows","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bone Miner."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1081\/IPH-120014725","article-title":"Il-1\u03b2 regulates cellular proliferation, prostaglandin e2synthesis, plasminogen activator activity, osteocalcin production, and bone resorptive activity of the mouse calvarial bone cells","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00788","article-title":"Interleukin-6 Interweaves the Bone Marrow Microenvironment, Bone Loss, and Multiple Myeloma","volume":"9","author":"Harmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"27","article-title":"Bone structure and function","volume":"36","author":"Buckwalter","year":"1987","journal-title":"Instr. Course Lect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026720003564","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of type I collagen, fibronectin and tenascin C during embryonic osteogenesis in the dentary of mandibles and tibias in rats","volume":"32","author":"Sasano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Histochem. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-012-0103-6","article-title":"Effects of Bone Matrix Proteins on Fracture and Fragility in Osteoporosis","volume":"10","author":"Sroga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1050-9_7","article-title":"The Unexpected Link Between Osteoclasts and the Immune System","volume":"658","author":"Takayanagi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.07.007","article-title":"Bone responses in health and infectious diseases: A focus on osteoblasts","volume":"75","author":"Terrier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00622-5","article-title":"The Novel Zinc Finger-Containing Transcription Factor Osterix Is Required for Osteoblast Differentiation and Bone Formation","volume":"108","author":"Nakashima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80257-3","article-title":"Osf2\/Cbfa1: A Transcriptional Activator of Osteoblast Differentiation","volume":"89","author":"Ducy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2003.08.058","article-title":"BMP-2-induced Osterix expression is mediated by Dlx5 but is independent of Runx2","volume":"309","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025419708343","article-title":"Differential expression of osteopontin and bone sialoprotein in bone metastasis of breast and prostate carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Carlinfante","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0765.2001.360509.x","article-title":"Osteopontin in gingival crevicular fluid","volume":"36","author":"Kido","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Ohshima, S., Yamaguchi, N., Nishioka, K., Mima, T., Ishii, T., Umeshita-Sasai, M., Kobayashi, H., Shimizu, M., Katada, Y., and Wakitani, S. (2002). Enhanced local production of osteopontin in rheumatoid joints. J. Rheumatol., 29."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00425","article-title":"B. Abortus Modulates Osteoblast Function Through the Induction of Autophagy","volume":"8","author":"Viglietti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30057","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.46.30057","article-title":"The Role of C\/EBP Genes in Adipocyte Differentiation","volume":"273","author":"Darlington","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v10.i2.54","article-title":"Osteoarticular manifestations of human brucellosis: A review","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, Y., Park, C., Lee, J., Park, D., Jeong, S., Yun, C.-H., Park, O.-J., and Han, S. (2021). Regulation of Bone Cell Differentiation and Activation by Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115805"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2014.05.003","article-title":"Osteoblast and osteocyte: Games without frontiers","volume":"561","author":"Capulli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99137","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099137","article-title":"Dose-Dependent Effect of Estrogen Suppresses the Osteo-Adipogenic Transdifferentiation of Osteoblasts via Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"304","article-title":"The function of adipocytes in the bone marrow stroma","volume":"2","author":"Gimble","year":"1990","journal-title":"New Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5411.143","article-title":"Multilineage Potential of Adult Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"284","author":"Pittenger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2014.02.013","article-title":"Bone marrow fat","volume":"81","author":"Hardouin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/ortho\/25.2.101","article-title":"Bone remodelling","volume":"25","author":"Hill","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karava, V., Christoforidis, A., Kondou, A., Dotis, J., and Printza, N. (2021). Update on the Crosstalk Between Adipose Tissue and Mineral Balance in General Population and Chronic Kidney Disease. Front. Pediatr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.696942"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granata, V., Possetti, V., Parente, R., Bottazzi, B., Inforzato, A., and Sobacchi, C. (2022). The osteoblast secretome in Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1048505"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, W., Jin, W., He, X., Sun, Y., Yin, H., Wang, Z., and Shi, S. (2022). Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induced Osteoblast Dysregulation Involved in Bone Destruction in Spinal Tuberculosis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.780272"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2010.0114","article-title":"HIV Type 1 Alters Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation Potential and Cell Phenotype Ex Vivo","volume":"27","author":"Cotter","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, E., Shi, W., Duan, B., and Reid, S.P. (2020). Chikungunya Virus Infection Impairs the Function of Osteogenic Cells. Msphere, 5.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00347-20"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siegert, P., Schmidt, G., Papatheodorou, P., Wieland, T., Aktories, K., and Orth, J.H.C. (2013). Pasteurella multocida Toxin Prevents Osteoblast Differentiation by Transactivation of the MAP-Kinase Cascade via the G\u03b1q\/11 - p63RhoGEF - RhoA Axis. PLOS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003385"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2015.1206","article-title":"The Role of Bone Marrow Microenvironment in Governing the Balance between Osteoblastogenesis and Adipogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.11.1293","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02771-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02771-18","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Regulates Pulmonary Pathology during TB Infection","volume":"10","author":"Ayyappan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-018-0572-z","article-title":"Immune response triggered by Trypanosoma cruzi infection strikes adipose tissue homeostasis altering lipid storage, enzyme profile and adipokine expression","volume":"208","author":"Villar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambele, M.A., Dhanraj, P., Giles, R., and Pepper, M.S. (2020). Adipogenesis: A Complex Interplay of Multiple Molecular Determinants and Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124283"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01366-12","article-title":"Brucella abortus Invasion of Synoviocytes Inhibits Apoptosis and Induces Bone Resorption through RANKL Expression","volume":"81","author":"Scian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.73","article-title":"Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative CT method","volume":"3","author":"Schmittgen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5617\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:55:43Z","timestamp":1760122543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5617"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24065617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24065617","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]}}}