{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:22:56Z","timestamp":1787062976857,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome\/veno-occlusive disease (SOS\/VOD) detected in the liver has been considered a severe complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). SOS\/VOD is characterized by hepatomegaly, right upper quadrant pain, jaundice, and ascites. The severe forms of the disease may result in multi-organ dysfunction (MOD) with a high mortality rate (&gt;80%). The development of SOS\/VOD can be rapid and unpredictable. Therefore, early identification and severity assessment is crucial in facilitating prompt diagnosis and timely treatment. Effective treatment and potential prophylaxis with defibrotide highlight the need for characterizing a sub-group of patients at high risk for SOS\/VOD. Moreover, antibodies that are conjugated with calicheamicin, gemtuzumab, and inotuzumab ozogamicin, have led to renewed interest in this syndrome. Evaluation and management of serious adverse events associated with gemtuzumab and inotuzumab ozogamicin are recommended. We review hepatic-, transplant- and patient-related risk factors, criteria for diagnosis and grading classification, and SOS\/VOD potential biomarkers. Furthermore, we examine pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, risk factors, prophylaxis, and treatment of SOS\/VOD occurring post HSCT. Moreover, we aim to provide an up-to-date summary of molecular advances in the diagnosis and management of SOS\/VOD. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature and examined the recently available data, mostly using the PubMed and Medline search engines for original articles published over the last decade. In the era of precision medicine, our review provides up-to-date knowledge of genetic or sera markers for SOS\/VOD with the goal of identifying a subset of high-risk patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T06:53:32Z","timestamp":1678863212000},"page":"5620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Molecular Advances in Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome\/Veno-Occlusive Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ioulia","family":"Mavrikou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology & BMT Unit, General Hospital \u201cGeorge Papanikolaou\u201d, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Chatzidimitriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lemonia","family":"Skoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, S. Kyriakidi Str., 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Nikolousis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Sakellari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology & BMT Unit, General Hospital \u201cGeorge Papanikolaou\u201d, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8883-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Gavriilaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2015.52","article-title":"Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome\/veno-occlusive disease: Current situation and perspectives\u2014A position statement from the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT)","volume":"50","author":"Mohty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Fatal veno-occlusive disease of the liver after chemotherapy, whole-body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation for refractory acute leukaemia","volume":"55","author":"Jacobs","year":"1979","journal-title":"S. 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