{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T03:41:10Z","timestamp":1793677270257,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["22K08569"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K08569"]}]},{"name":"Grant for Promoting Research and Survey in Rheumatic Diseases by Japan Rheumatism Foundation to RW","award":["22K08569"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K08569"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the aging of the population, malignancies are becoming common complications in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), particularly in elderly patients. Such malignancies often interfere with RA treatment. Among several therapeutic agents, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) which antagonize immunological brakes on T lymphocytes have emerged as a promising treatment option for a variety of malignancies. In parallel, evidence has accumulated that ICIs are associated with numerous immune-related adverse events (irAEs), such as hypophysitis, myocarditis, pneumonitis, and colitis. Moreover, ICIs not only exacerbate pre-existing autoimmune diseases, but also cause de novo rheumatic disease\u2013like symptoms, such as arthritis, myositis, and vasculitis, which are currently termed rheumatic irAEs. Rheumatic irAEs differ from classical rheumatic diseases in multiple aspects, and treatment should be individualized based on the severity. Close collaboration with oncologists is critical for preventing irreversible organ damage. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the mechanisms and management of rheumatic irAEs with focus on arthritis, myositis, and vasculitis. Based on these findings, potential therapeutic strategies against rheumatic irAEs are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T03:50:45Z","timestamp":1678938645000},"page":"5643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Rheumatic Immune-Related Adverse Events due to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors\u2014A 2023 Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Quang Minh","family":"Dang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1089-5296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryu","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayu","family":"Shiomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Fukumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomomi W.","family":"Nobashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preemptive Medicine and Lifestyle Related Disease Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Okano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinsuke","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motomu","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30173-8","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"388","author":"Smolen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223356","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2022 update","volume":"82","author":"Smolen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102528","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis in the elderly: Characteristics and treatment considerations","volume":"19","author":"Serhal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-020-00267-8","article-title":"Features and Outcomes of Elderly Rheumatoid Arthritis: Does the Age of Onset Matter? A Comparative Study From a Single Center in China","volume":"8","author":"Ke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13428","article-title":"Elderly onset of early rheumatoid arthritis is a risk factor for bone erosions, refractory to treatment: KURAMA cohort","volume":"22","author":"Murata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Targo\u0144ska-St\u0119pniak, B., Grzechnik, K., Kolarz, K., G\u0105go\u0142, D., and Majdan, M. (2021). Systemic Inflammatory Parameters in Patients with Elderly-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis (EORA) and Young-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis (YORA)\u2014An Observational Study. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061204"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0728-9","article-title":"Incidence of malignancy in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Simon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050876","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1050876","article-title":"Cancer risks in rheumatoid arthritis patients who received immunosuppressive therapies: Will immunosuppressants work?","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab570","article-title":"Short- and longer-term cancer risks with biologic and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs as used against rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice","volume":"61","author":"Huss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2015.35","article-title":"Development of immuno-oncology drugs\u2014From CTLA4 to PD1 to the next generations","volume":"15","author":"Hoos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5256.1734","article-title":"Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade","volume":"271","author":"Leach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3239","article-title":"The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Pardoll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1052","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00024.2017","article-title":"Immune checkpoint dysfunction in large and medium vessel vasculitis","volume":"312","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1003466","article-title":"Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma","volume":"363","author":"Hodi","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00345-8","article-title":"The foundations of immune checkpoint blockade and the ipilimumab approval decennial","volume":"21","author":"Korman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00552-7","article-title":"Enhancing immunotherapy in cancer by targeting emerging immunomodulatory pathways","volume":"19","author":"Kraehenbuehl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1703481","article-title":"Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade","volume":"378","author":"Postow","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-020-0897-9","article-title":"Immune-Related Adverse Events (irAEs): Diagnosis, Management, and Clinical Pearls","volume":"22","author":"Darnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804597","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.804597","article-title":"Holistic Approach to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Adverse Events","volume":"13","author":"Poto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farkona, S., Diamandis, E.P., and Blasutig, I.M. (2016). Cancer immunotherapy: The beginning of the end of cancer?. BMC Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0623-5"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112049","article-title":"Coinhibitory Pathways in Immunotherapy for Cancer","volume":"34","author":"Baumeister","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000239","article-title":"CTLA-4 and PD-1 Pathways: Similarities, Differences, and Implications of Their Inhibition","volume":"39","author":"Buchbinder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1709684","article-title":"Overall Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma","volume":"377","author":"Wolchok","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabj3510","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj3510","article-title":"Spermidine activates mitochondrial trifunctional protein and improves antitumor immunity in mice","volume":"378","author":"Chamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabq0021","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abq0021","article-title":"Combination bezafibrate and nivolumab treatment of patients with advanced non\u2013small cell lung cancer","volume":"14","author":"Tanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-022-01339-4","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Novel Immunotherapy Approaches for Breast Cancer","volume":"24","author":"Cejuela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032314","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1032314","article-title":"Predictive biomarkers of colon cancer immunotherapy: Present and future","volume":"13","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000891","article-title":"Biomarkers and immunotherapy: Where are we?","volume":"34","author":"Padonou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e272","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002453","article-title":"Predicting Response to Immunotherapy by Evaluating Tumors, Lymphoid Cell-Rich Organs, and Immune-Related Adverse Events Using FDG-PET\/CT","volume":"44","author":"Nobashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seyhan, A.A., and Carini, C. (2022). Insights and Strategies of Melanoma Immunotherapy: Predictive Biomarkers of Response and Resistance and Strategies to Improve Response Rates. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010041"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-3265","article-title":"ICOS Is an Indicator of T-cell\u2013Mediated Response to Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"80","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao3290","article-title":"The commensal microbiome is associated with anti-PD-1 efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients","volume":"359","author":"Matson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01695-5","article-title":"Cross-cohort gut microbiome associations with immune checkpoint inhibitor response in advanced melanoma","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/o5nvgv","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events in patients with solid-organ tumours treated with immunotherapy: A 3-year study of 102 cases from a single centre","volume":"39","author":"Llorca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7953","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29100629","article-title":"Long-Term Toxicities of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) in Melanoma Patients","volume":"29","author":"Tong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i22.2994","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in viral and autoimmune liver diseases: Role of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the immune microenvironment","volume":"27","author":"Granito","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-021-01530-2","article-title":"Mechanisms Driving Immune-Related Adverse Events in Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14433","article-title":"Evolving insights into the mechanisms of toxicity associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"86","author":"Mangan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx286","article-title":"Tumour- and class-specific patterns of immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Khoja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000652","article-title":"Hypophysitis from immune checkpoint inhibitors: Challenges in diagnosis and management","volume":"28","author":"Kotwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200409","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20200409","article-title":"Clinical and radiological features of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in lung cancer and non-lung cancers","volume":"93","author":"Nobashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01141-1","article-title":"A decade of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in melanoma: Understanding the molecular basis for immune sensitivity and resistance","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-0569","article-title":"Preoperative CTLA-4 blockade: Tolerability and immune monitoring in the setting of a presurgical clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Carthon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-13-0020","article-title":"Increased frequency of ICOS+CD4 T cells as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for anti-CTLA-4 therapy","volume":"1","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6140","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1417320112","article-title":"Ipilimumab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of regulatory T cells ex vivo by nonclassical monocytes in melanoma patients","volume":"112","author":"Romano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0762","article-title":"Anti-CTLA-4 Immunotherapy Does Not Deplete FOXP3(+) Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) in Human Cancers","volume":"25","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0357-y","article-title":"A single dose of neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade predicts clinical outcomes in resectable melanoma","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9999","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1822001116","article-title":"PD-1+ regulatory T cells amplified by PD-1 blockade promote hyperprogression of cancer","volume":"116","author":"Kamada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0769-3","article-title":"The PD-1 expression balance between effector and regulatory T cells predicts the clinical efficacy of PD-1 blockade therapies","volume":"21","author":"Kumagai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1609214","article-title":"Fulminant Myocarditis with Combination Immune Checkpoint Blockade","volume":"375","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056730","article-title":"Identification of Pathogenic Immune Cell Subsets Associated With Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Myocarditis","volume":"146","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02094-6","article-title":"Germline variants associated with toxicity to immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"28","author":"Groha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02095-5","article-title":"IL7 genetic variation and toxicity to immune checkpoint blockade in patients with melanoma","volume":"28","author":"Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0479-x","article-title":"Flip the coin: IL-7 and IL-7R in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Barata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.156049","article-title":"IL-7: Comprehensive review","volume":"160","author":"Winer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05420-w","article-title":"Treatment of rheumatic immune-related adverse events due to cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors-is it time for a paradigm shift?","volume":"40","author":"Chatzidionysiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90125-6","article-title":"Loss of CTLA-4 leads to massive lymphoproliferation and fatal multiorgan tissue destruction, revealing a critical negative regulatory role of CTLA-4","volume":"3","author":"Tivol","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5238.985","article-title":"Lymphoproliferative Disorders with Early Lethality in Mice Deficient in Ctla-4","volume":"270","author":"Waterhouse","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80089-8","article-title":"Development of lupus-like autoimmune diseases by disruption of the PD-1 gene encoding an ITIM motif-carrying immunoreceptor","volume":"11","author":"Nishimura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5502.319","article-title":"Autoimmune dilated cardiomyopathy in PD-1 receptor-deficient mice","volume":"291","author":"Nishimura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e262","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217995","article-title":"Elucidation of disease mechanisms underlying rheumatic immune-related adverse events may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases","volume":"81","author":"Watanabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762247","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.762247","article-title":"Rheumatic Manifestations and Diseases From Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746853","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.746853","article-title":"Biological Bases of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Potential Crosslinks With Immunogenic Effects of Radiation","volume":"12","author":"Bardoscia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4321","article-title":"Is autoimmunity the Achilles\u2019 heel of cancer immunotherapy?","volume":"23","author":"June","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1703047","article-title":"Reversal of Autoimmune Toxicity and Loss of Tumor Response by Interleukin-17 Blockade","volume":"376","author":"Esfahani","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005111","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005111","article-title":"COLAR: Open-label clinical study of IL-6 blockade with tocilizumab for the treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis and arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Holmstroem","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41587","article-title":"Expert Perspective: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Rheumatologic Complications","volume":"73","author":"Cappelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.05.002","article-title":"Rheumatic immune-related adverse events in patients on anti-PD-1 inhibitors: Fasciitis with myositis syndrome as a new complication of immunotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Lluch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reid, P., and Cappelli, L.C. (2022). Treatment of rheumatic adverse events of cancer immunotherapy. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol., 101805.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2022.101805"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102595","article-title":"Rheumatic immune-related adverse events associated with cancer immunotherapy: A nationwide multi-center cohort","volume":"19","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640273","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2640273","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Rheumatic Adverse Events Related to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"2020","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/ajco.13346","article-title":"Rheumatic immune-related adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050524","article-title":"Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition","volume":"353","author":"Genovese","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.250.153","article-title":"Better Retention of Abatacept Is Associated with High Rheumatoid Factor: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"250","author":"Okazaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035075","article-title":"Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by selective inhibition of T-cell activation with fusion protein CTLA4Ig","volume":"349","author":"Kremer","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2019.101298","article-title":"CTLA-4 (CD152): A versatile receptor for immune-based therapy","volume":"42","author":"Lingel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217139","article-title":"EULAR points to consider for the diagnosis and management of rheumatic immune-related adverse events due to cancer immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"80","author":"Kostine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ytab342","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytab342","article-title":"A case report of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related steroid-refractory myocarditis and myasthenia gravis-like myositis treated with abatacept and mycophenolate mofetil","volume":"5","author":"Jespersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2020.10.013","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Myocarditis With Persistent Troponin Elevation Despite Abatacept and Prolonged Immunosuppression","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardio Oncol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1901677","article-title":"Abatacept for Severe Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Myocarditis","volume":"380","author":"Salem","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211216","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica occurring after immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment","volume":"76","author":"Belkhir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209595","article-title":"Inflammatory arthritis and sicca syndrome induced by nivolumab and ipilimumab","volume":"76","author":"Cappelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05162-9","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis: A novel clinical entity with striking similarities to seronegative rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018181532","article-title":"PD-1 Blockade\u2013induced Inflammatory Arthritis","volume":"289","author":"Nobashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponce, A., Frade-Sosa, B., Sarmiento-Monroy, J.C., Sapena, N., Ram\u00edrez, J., Azuaga, A.B., Morl\u00e0, R., Ruiz-Esquide, V., Ca\u00f1ete, J.D., and Sanmart\u00ed, R. (2022). Imaging Findings in Patients with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Arthritis. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12081961"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000601","article-title":"Arthritis risk with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for cancer","volume":"31","author":"Pundole","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40745","article-title":"Rheumatic Syndromes Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Single-Center Cohort of Sixty-One Patients","volume":"71","author":"Richter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002511","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002511","article-title":"Anti-RA33 antibodies are present in a subset of patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Cappelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1500108","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2018.1500108","article-title":"Contrasting impact of corticosteroids on anti-PD-1 immunotherapy efficacy for tumor histologies located within or outside the central nervous system","volume":"7","author":"Maxwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2016-0390","article-title":"Inflammatory Arthritis: A Newly Recognized Adverse Event of Immune Checkpoint Blockade","volume":"22","author":"Naidoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0566-4","article-title":"Stress\u2013glucocorticoid\u2013TSC22D3 axis compromises therapy-induced antitumor immunity","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28428","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028428","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced refractory polyarthritis rapidly improved by sarilumab and monitoring with joint ultrasonography: A case report","volume":"101","author":"Abe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200032","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.0032","article-title":"Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Identify Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Inflammatory Arthritis","volume":"3","author":"Subedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211560","article-title":"Successful treatment of arthritis induced by checkpoint inhibitors with tocilizumab: A case series","volume":"76","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155217745144","article-title":"Tocilizumab for the management of immune mediated adverse events secondary to PD-1 blockade","volume":"25","author":"Stroud","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32080","article-title":"Differential effects of corticosteroids and anti-TNF on tumor-specific immune responses: Implications for the management of irAEs","volume":"145","author":"Draghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002612","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002612","article-title":"Use of a bDMARD or tsDMARD for the management of inflammatory arthritis under checkpoint inhibitors: An observational study","volume":"8","author":"Belkhir","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-222451","article-title":"Distinct immune-effector and metabolic profile of CD8+ T cells in patients with autoimmune polyarthritis induced by therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"81","author":"Benesova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109927","article-title":"Cardiovascular and Cancer Risk with Tofacitinib in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"386","author":"Ytterberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.0305","article-title":"Safety of Programmed Death-1 Pathway Inhibitors Among Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Preexisting Autoimmune Disorders","volume":"36","author":"Leonardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-022-00841-0","article-title":"Immune-checkpoint inhibitor use in patients with cancer and pre-existing autoimmune diseases","volume":"18","author":"Tison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-222186","article-title":"Risk of irAEs in patients with autoimmune diseases treated by immune checkpoint inhibitors for stage III or IV melanoma: Results from a matched case-control study","volume":"81","author":"Dalle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102586","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myositis, the earliest and most lethal complication among rheumatic and musculoskeletal toxicities","volume":"19","author":"Allenbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-020-04665-7","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced musculoskeletal manifestations","volume":"41","author":"Angelopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884776","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.884776","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Myositis Overlapping With Myocarditis: An Institutional Case Series and a Systematic Review of Literature","volume":"13","author":"Nakagomi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803410","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.803410","article-title":"Incidence and Distinct Features of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Myositis From Idiopathic Inflammatory Myositis: A Single-Center Experience With Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Hamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.03.005","article-title":"Inflammatory myopathy associated with PD-1 inhibitors","volume":"100","author":"Seki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex369","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myo-fasciitis","volume":"56","author":"Daoussis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120528","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myositis and myocarditis with multiple myositis-specific\/\u2212associated antibodies","volume":"444","author":"Isa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.6.885","article-title":"Anti-titin antibodies in myasthenia gravis: Tight association with thymoma and heterogeneity of nonthymoma patients","volume":"58","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e251966","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2022-251966","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis, myositis and myocarditis: A fatal triad of immune-related adverse effect of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment","volume":"15","author":"Soman","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.6385","article-title":"Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"36","author":"Brahmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.322128","article-title":"Immunology of Giant Cell Arteritis","volume":"132","author":"Weyand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4177-0","article-title":"Vasculitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors-a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Daxini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587089","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.587089","article-title":"Cellular Signaling Pathways in Medium and Large Vessel Vasculitis","volume":"11","author":"Watanabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","article-title":"2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides","volume":"65","author":"Jennette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38282","article-title":"Drug-associated polymyalgia rheumatica\/giant cell arteritis occurring in two patients after treatment with ipilimumab, an antagonist of ctla-4","volume":"66","author":"Goldstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100891","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis manifesting as retinal arterial occlusion and paracentral acute middle maculopathy in a patient on pembrolizumab for metastatic uveal melanoma","volume":"20","author":"Narala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"7971169","article-title":"A Case Report of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Aortitis Treated with Tocilizumab","volume":"2022","author":"Bloomer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Rep. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e233496","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-233496","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor induced large vessel vasculitis","volume":"13","author":"Henderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"7295305","article-title":"A Rare Case of Large-Vessel Vasculitis following Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy and Pegfilgrastim","volume":"2022","author":"Mort","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Rep. Oncol. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.08.005","article-title":"A case of Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor in a patient with metastatic melanoma","volume":"139","author":"Belkaid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S343876","article-title":"A Case of IgA Vasculitis During Nivolumab Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Ishii","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00478","article-title":"Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis in a Patient on Programmed Death-1 Inhibitor for Advanced Non-small-cell Lung Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Sibille","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa818","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"60","author":"Hung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213857","article-title":"Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss) induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"78","author":"Roger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06406-6","article-title":"Cutaneous vasculitis associated with molecular tergeted therapies: Systematic review of the literature","volume":"42","author":"Ak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"316","article-title":"Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in a Patient With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"36","author":"Panian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30608-9","article-title":"Cardiovascular toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: An observational, retrospective, pharmacovigilance study","volume":"19","author":"Salem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"E970","article-title":"Immunoinhibitory checkpoint deficiency in medium and large vessel vasculitis","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313206","article-title":"MMP (Matrix Metalloprotease)-9\u2013Producing Monocytes Enable T Cells to Invade the Vessel Wall and Cause Vasculitis","volume":"123","author":"Watanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00327-5","article-title":"Large-vessel vasculitis","volume":"7","author":"Pugh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823853","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.823853","article-title":"Self-Tolerance of Vascular Tissues Is Broken Down by Vascular Dendritic Cells in Response to Systemic Inflammation to Initiate Regional Autoinflammation","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes034","article-title":"Aberrant expression of the negative costimulator PD-1 on T cells in granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"51","author":"Wilde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673912","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.673912","article-title":"CMTM6-Deficient Monocytes in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis Fail to Present the Immune Checkpoint PD-L1","volume":"12","author":"Zeisbrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-020-00948-x","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis and Takayasu Arteritis-Similarities and Differences","volume":"22","author":"Watanabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-022-01088-0","article-title":"A Spotlight on Drug-Induced Vasculitis","volume":"24","author":"Yaseen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew063","article-title":"Rapid granulomatosis with polyangiitis induced by immune checkpoint inhibition","volume":"55","author":"Abdulahad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000750","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000750","article-title":"Checkpoint inhibitor-related renal vasculitis and use of rituximab","volume":"8","author":"Mamlouk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733961","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.733961","article-title":"Case Report: Sustained Remission Due to PD-1-Inhibition in a Metastatic Melanoma Patient With Depleted B Cells","volume":"12","author":"Wulfken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1159\/000518304","article-title":"Efficacy of Plasmapheresis in Nivolumab-Associated ANCA Glomerulonephritis: A Case Report and Pathophysiology Discussion","volume":"11","author":"Laamech","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep. Nephrol. Dial."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881705","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.881705","article-title":"Perspectives of JAK Inhibitors for Large Vessel Vasculitis","volume":"13","author":"Watanabe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030423","article-title":"Inhibition of JAK-STAT Signaling Suppresses Pathogenic Immune Responses in Medium and Large Vessel Vasculitis","volume":"137","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31825-1","article-title":"Polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"390","author":"Matteson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s40674-016-0043-x","article-title":"Giant Cell Arteritis: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Management","volume":"2","author":"Watanabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.251.125","article-title":"High Relapse Rate in Patients with Polymyalgia Rheumatica despite the Combination of Immunosuppressants and Prednisolone: A Single Center Experience of 89 patients","volume":"251","author":"Okazaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61077-6","article-title":"Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis","volume":"372","author":"Salvarani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S555","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001012","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Polymyalgia Rheumatica\/Giant Cell Arteritis Occurring in a Patient After Treatment With Nivolumab","volume":"27","author":"Betrains","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000906","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2019-000906","article-title":"Polymyalgia rheumatica-like syndrome from checkpoint inhibitor therapy: Case series and systematic review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Calabrese","year":"2019","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2022.152110","article-title":"Identification of outcome domains in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: A scoping review by the OMERACT irAE working group","volume":"58","author":"Ghosh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13525","article-title":"An update on polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"292","author":"Lundberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217225","article-title":"Features of polymyalgia rheumatica\u2013like syndrome after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"81","author":"Belkhir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e263","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218276","article-title":"Management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"81","author":"Sandovici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217381","article-title":"Imaging in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"81","author":"Sandovici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200329","article-title":"2012 provisional classification criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica: A European League Against Rheumatism\/American College of Rheumatology collaborative initiative","volume":"71","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.09.033","article-title":"Myositis and neuromuscular side-effects induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"106","author":"Moreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66990-5","article-title":"Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"366","author":"Fox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519850564","article-title":"Profiling Autoantibodies against Salivary Proteins in Sicca Conditions","volume":"98","author":"Burbelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000412","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2016-000412","article-title":"Rheumatic immune-related adverse events of checkpoint therapy for cancer: Case series of a new nosological entity","volume":"3","author":"Calabrese","year":"2017","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108497","article-title":"Sicca syndrome following immune checkpoint inhibition","volume":"217","author":"Mavragani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0823","article-title":"Sicca Syndrome Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy","volume":"24","author":"Warner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"253","article-title":"Checkpoint inhibition-induced sicca: A type II interferonopathy?","volume":"38","author":"Pringle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ltac016","DOI":"10.1093\/immadv\/ltac016","article-title":"Prevalence of Inverse Psoriasis Subtype with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"2","author":"Jfri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunother. Adv."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-18-0682","article-title":"IL17A Blockade Successfully Treated Psoriasiform Dermatologic Toxicity from Immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2021.03.015","article-title":"Apremilast for immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced psoriasis: A case series","volume":"11","author":"Ibarguren","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2019-0085","article-title":"Psoriatic arthritis induced by anti-PD1 and treated with apremilast: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Nigro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.3694-19","article-title":"Systemic Psoriasiform Dermatitis Appeared after the Administration of Pembrolizumab","volume":"59","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003066","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003066","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with pre-existing psoriasis: Safety and efficacy","volume":"9","author":"Halle","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934093","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.934093","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Patients With Cancer and Preexisting Psoriasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.03.016","article-title":"Scleroderma Induced by Pembrolizumab: A Case Series","volume":"92","author":"Barbosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102596","article-title":"Risk of scleroderma according to the type of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"19","author":"Terrier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214598","article-title":"Drug-induced systemic lupus: Revisiting the ever-changing spectrum of the disease using the WHO pharmacovigilance database","volume":"78","author":"Arnaud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213677","article-title":"Drug-induced lupus erythematosus following immunotherapy with anti-programmed death-(ligand) 1","volume":"78","author":"Michot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e120","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215819","article-title":"Drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus: Should immune checkpoint inhibitors be added to the evolving list?","volume":"80","author":"Raschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0904283","article-title":"Anti-CTLA4 antibody-induced lupus nephritis","volume":"361","author":"Fadel","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.07.005","article-title":"Autoantibody positivity predicts severity of rheumatic immune-related adverse events to immune-checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"103","author":"Campochiaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00573-7","article-title":"Diagnostic role of anti-dsDNA antibodies: Do not forget autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"17","author":"Granito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03172.x","article-title":"Antinuclear antibodies giving the \u2018multiple nuclear dots\u2019 or the \u2018rim-like\/membranous\u2019 patterns: Diagnostic accuracy for primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"24","author":"Granito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.08.031","article-title":"Interleukin-6 blockade for prophylaxis and management of immune-related adverse events in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"157","author":"Dimitriou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1162-y","article-title":"Prophylactic TNF blockade uncouples efficacy and toxicity in dual CTLA-4 and PD-1 immunotherapy","volume":"569","author":"Minute","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5643\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:56:05Z","timestamp":1760122565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5643"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"references-count":180,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24065643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24065643","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]}}}