{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:59:00Z","timestamp":1760147940511,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011692","name":"Children with Cancer and Leukaemia Group","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCLGA 2019 01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCLGA 2019 01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) continues to present treatment challenges, as no \u201cstandard approach\u201d exists to treat those young patients reliably and safely. Combination therapies could become a viable treatment option for treating young patients with AML, allowing multiple pathways to be targeted. Our in silico analysis of AML patients highlighted \u201ccell death and survival\u201d as an aberrant, potentially targetable pathway in paediatric AML patients. Therefore, we aimed to identify novel combination therapies to target apoptosis. Our apoptotic drug screening resulted in the identification of one potential \u201cnovel\u201d drug pairing, comprising the Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-737 combined with the CDK inhibitor Purvalanol-A, as well as one triple combination of ABT-737 + AKT inhibitor + SU9516, which showed significant synergism in a series of paediatric AML cell lines. Using a phosphoproteomic approach to understand the apoptotic mechanism involved, proteins related to apoptotic cell death and cell survival were represented, in agreement with further results showing differentially expressed apoptotic proteins and their phosphorylated forms among combination treatments compared to single-agent treated cells such upregulation of BAX and its phosphorylated form (Thr167), dephosphorylation of BAD (Ser 112), and downregulation of MCL-1 and its phosphorylated form (Ser159\/Thr 163). Total levels of Bcl-2 were decreased but correlated with increased levels of phosphorylated Bcl-2, which was consistent with our phosphoproteomic analysis predictions. Bcl-2 phosphorylation was regulated by extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but not PP2A phosphatase. Although the mechanism linking to Bcl-2 phosphorylation remains to be determined, our findings provide first-hand insights on potential novel combination treatments for AML.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T03:33:57Z","timestamp":1679024037000},"page":"5717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Combination Therapies Targeting Apoptosis in Paediatric AML: Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of AML Treatments Using Phosphoproteomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ahlam A.","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren V.","family":"Cairns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Department, C-Floor Tower Block, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast BT9 7AB, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaine K.","family":"Blayney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6463-5430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrina M.","family":"Lappin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6362-4481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken I.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00368","article-title":"Molecular Approaches to Treating Pediatric Leukemias","volume":"7","author":"Kuhlen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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