{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T17:15:48Z","timestamp":1771607748704,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32090023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32090023"]}]},{"name":"Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KJZD-SW-L11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJZD-SW-L11"]}]},{"name":"Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFC2601602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2601602"]}]},{"name":"Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022FY100903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022FY100903"]}]},{"name":"The key program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)","award":["32090023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32090023"]}]},{"name":"The key program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)","award":["KJZD-SW-L11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJZD-SW-L11"]}]},{"name":"The key program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)","award":["2022YFC2601602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2601602"]}]},{"name":"The key program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)","award":["2022FY100903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022FY100903"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32090023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32090023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJZD-SW-L11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJZD-SW-L11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2601602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2601602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022FY100903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022FY100903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science &amp; Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program","award":["32090023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32090023"]}]},{"name":"Science &amp; Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program","award":["KJZD-SW-L11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJZD-SW-L11"]}]},{"name":"Science &amp; Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program","award":["2022YFC2601602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2601602"]}]},{"name":"Science &amp; Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program","award":["2022FY100903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022FY100903"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Female mice can discriminate the urinary odors of male mice due to their olfactory acuity. Parasitic infection or subclinical infection can decrease the odor attractiveness of male mice and finally lead to aversion or avoidance responses in odor selection for female mice. Trichinella spiralis is a kind of tissue-parasitizing nematode that causes trichinellosis, a zoonotic parasitic disease that spreads throughout the world. However, the reproductive injury caused by Trichinella spiralis infection was not fully revealed. In this study, we explored the effect of Trichinella spiralis infection on the reproductive capacity in ICR\/CD-1 male mice. We identified eight volatile compounds in urine by GC-MS analysis, and the results indicated that the contents of dimethyl sulfone, Z-7-tetradecen-1-ol, 6-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone and (S)-2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole were significantly downregulated after parasitic infection, which might lead to the reduction of attractiveness of male mice urine to females. On the other hand, parasitic infection decreased sperm quality and downregulated the expression levels of Herc4, Ipo11, and Mrto4, and these genes were strongly related to spermatogenesis. In summary, this study revealed that the reproductive injury caused by Trichinella spiralis infection in ICR\/CD-1 male mice could be associated with a decrease in urine pheromone content and sperm quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T03:33:57Z","timestamp":1679024037000},"page":"5731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Infection of Trichinella spiralis Affects the Reproductive Capacity of ICR\/CD-1 Male Mice by Reducing the Urine Pheromone Contents and Sperm Quality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2433-0536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaojian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuyi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guohui","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongxuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-021-01384-z","article-title":"Histopathologic and histomorphometric evaluation of Dipetalonema evansi infection in camel testicular tissue","volume":"45","author":"Kheirandish","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1023\/B:TROP.0000009528.91525.01","article-title":"The effects of trypanosomosis on sperm morphology in Zebu x Friesian crossbred bulls","volume":"36","author":"Sekoni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dvorakova-Hortova, K., Sidlova, A., Ded, L., Hladovcova, D., Vieweg, M., Weidner, W., Steger, K., Stopka, P., and Paradowska-Dogan, A. (2014). Toxoplasma gondii decreases the reproductive fitness in mice. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096770"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.09.017","article-title":"Reproductive failures associated with Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax","volume":"229","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04664-y","article-title":"Reproductive injury in male BALB\/c mice infected with Neospora caninum","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200200224X","article-title":"Female mice mate preferentially with non-parasitized males","volume":"125","author":"Ehman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2000.00578.x","article-title":"Effects of female pheromones on gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene expression and luteinizing hormone release in male wild-type and oestrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice","volume":"12","author":"Gore","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3364","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0110","article-title":"Infection before pregnancy affects immunity and response to social challenge in the next generation","volume":"366","author":"Curno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(98)01473-6","article-title":"Chemical signals and parasite-mediated sexual selection","volume":"13","author":"Penn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.52201","article-title":"Structural basis of pheromone binding to mouse major urinary protein (MUP-I)","volume":"10","author":"Timm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Protein Sci. A Publ. Protein Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(99)80049-0","article-title":"A unique urinary constituent, 6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone, is a pheromone that accelerates puberty in female mice","volume":"6","author":"Novotny","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822073","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.822073","article-title":"Regulation of Sexually Dimorphic Expression of Major Urinary Proteins","volume":"13","author":"Penn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1999.0880","article-title":"Positive identification of the puberty-accelerating pheromone of the house mouse: The volatile ligands associating with the major urinary protein","volume":"266","author":"Novotny","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOEC.0000028431.29484.d7","article-title":"Male urinary chemosignals differentially affect aggressive behavior in male mice","volume":"30","author":"Cavaggioni","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-011-9966-8","article-title":"The level of major urinary proteins is socially regulated in wild Mus musculus musculus","volume":"37","author":"Janotova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19848","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310427110","article-title":"Reintroducing domesticated wild mice to sociality induces adaptive transgenerational effects on MUP expression","volume":"110","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oldstone, M.B.A., Ware, B.C., Davidson, A., Prescott, M.C., Beynon, R.J., and Hurst, J.L. (2021). Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Alters the Expression of Male Mouse Scent Proteins. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061180"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2015.10.011","article-title":"Choosing a healthy mate: Sexually attractive traits as reliable indicators of current disease status in house mice","volume":"111","author":"Lopes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-019-0191-9","article-title":"Update on the human and mouse lipocalin (LCN) gene family, including evidence the mouse Mup cluster is result of an \u201cevolutionary bloom\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Charkoftaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0310142","article-title":"Multiple roles of major urinary proteins in the house mouse, Mus domesticus","volume":"31","author":"Beynon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e193","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X20000802","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis: Inflammation modulator","volume":"94","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1712.110896","article-title":"Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986\u20132009","volume":"17","author":"Murrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102308","article-title":"Trichinella britovi outbreak in Piedmont, North-West Italy, 2019\u20132020: Clinical and epidemiological insights in the one health perspective","volume":"47","author":"Stroffolini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X22000268","article-title":"Long lasting immunity in trichinellosis\u2014Insight from a small study group","volume":"96","author":"Ilic","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.05.047","article-title":"Re-emergence of trichinellosis in southeastern Europe due to political and economic changes","volume":"132","author":"Cuperlovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-005-0022-y","article-title":"Damage to cell DNA in the bone marrow and testes of mice with experimental trichinosis","volume":"138","author":"Bekish","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzelak, S., Stachyra, A., Stefaniak, J., Mr\u00f3wka, K., Moskwa, B., and Bie\u0144-Kalinowska, J. (2020). Immunoproteomic analysis of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi excretory-secretory muscle larvae proteins recognized by sera from humans infected with Trichinella. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241918"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srey, M.T., Taccogna, A., Oksov, Y., Lustigman, S., Tai, P.Y., Acord, J., Selkirk, M.E., Lamb, T.J., and Guiliano, D.B. (2020). Vaccination with novel low-molecular weight proteins secreted from Trichinella spiralis inhibits establishment of infection. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008842"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108112","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory products downregulate MMP-9 in Dark Agouti rats affected by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"225","author":"Bruschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1005.2009.00941","article-title":"Influence of Tripterygium wilfordii on the expression of spermiogenesis related genes Herc4, Ipo11 and Mrto4 in mice","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Yi Chuan"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.09.053","article-title":"Disruption of the ubiquitin ligase HERC4 causes defects in spermatozoon maturation and impaired fertility","volume":"312","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm830","article-title":"A novel method for poly(A) fractionation reveals a large population of mRNAs with a short poly(A) tail in mammalian cells","volume":"35","author":"Meijer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3610","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.26.9.3610-3624.2006","article-title":"Disruption of spermatogenic cell adhesion and male infertility in mice lacking TSLC1\/IGSF4, an immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule","volume":"26","author":"Yamada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2015.02.005","article-title":"Mammalian pheromones: Emerging properties and mechanisms of detection","volume":"34","author":"Stowers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.12.020","article-title":"Female recognition and assessment of males through scent","volume":"200","author":"Hurst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.07.025","article-title":"Proteins and peptides as pheromone signals and chemical signatures","volume":"97","author":"Wyatt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arh022","article-title":"Scent-marking displays provide honest signals of health and infection","volume":"15","author":"Zala","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2004.03.005","article-title":"Olfactory-mediated parasite recognition and avoidance: Linking genes to behavior","volume":"46","author":"Kavaliers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"R1362","article-title":"Role of steroid hormones in Trichinella spiralis infection among voles","volume":"277","author":"Klein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.04.011","article-title":"Recognition and avoidance of the odors of parasitized conspecifics and predators: Differential genomic correlates","volume":"29","author":"Kavaliers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360100467","article-title":"The measurement of parasite antigen-specific IgE levels using anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies and biotinylated antigens","volume":"87","author":"Takamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.048","article-title":"Humoral immune response of mice infected with low doses of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae","volume":"159","author":"Reiterova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjr114","article-title":"Individual differences in the chemical senses: Is there a common sensitivity?","volume":"37","author":"Lundstrom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20147","article-title":"Scent wars: The chemobiology of competitive signalling in mice","volume":"26","author":"Hurst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/414631a","article-title":"Individual recognition in mice mediated by major urinary proteins","volume":"414","author":"Hurst","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2007.00062.x","article-title":"Social biology of rodents","volume":"2","author":"Wolff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.24.3955","article-title":"Effects of intestinal nematodes during lactation: Consequences for host morphology, physiology and offspring mass","volume":"205","author":"Kristan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.40697","article-title":"Importin-11 is Essential for Normal Embryonic Development in Mice","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"199","article-title":"Ethical Considerations in Animal Research: The Principle of 3R\u2019s","volume":"73","author":"Diaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Investig. Clin."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974332","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.974332","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from Trichinella Spiralis larvae promote the polarization of macrophages to M2b type and inhibit the activation of fibroblasts","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.051","article-title":"Immunity to Trichinella spiralis muscle infection","volume":"159","author":"Fabre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106172","article-title":"Excretory-secretory product of Trichinella spiralis inhibits tumor cell growth by regulating the immune response and inducing apoptosis","volume":"225","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2022.104630","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory antigens selectively inhibit the release of extracellular traps from neutrophils without affecting their additional antimicrobial functions","volume":"382","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Shu, J., Jin, J., Shu, J., Feng, H., Chen, J., and He, Y. (2022). Development of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Evaluation of Its Immune Responses in Mice and Piglets. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147899"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1996.0005","article-title":"Odors providing sexual information in Djungarian hamsters: Evidence for an across-odor code","volume":"30","author":"Lai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.6.2210","article-title":"Volatile signals of the major histocompatibility complex in male mouse urine","volume":"94","author":"Singer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-006-9220-y","article-title":"Mice respond differently to urine and its major volatile constituents from male and female ferrets","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5731\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:57:17Z","timestamp":1760122637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24065731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24065731","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]}}}