{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T20:14:44Z","timestamp":1785269684774,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":353,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ITEB RAS","award":["075-01025-23-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-01025-23-00"]}]},{"name":"ITEB RAS","award":["CIPROM2021\/082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIPROM2021\/082"]}]},{"name":"ITEB RAS","award":["PRV00225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRV00225"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Valenciana de Innovaci\u00f3n, Generalitat Valenciana (Consolidacio Cadena Valor)","award":["075-01025-23-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-01025-23-00"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Valenciana de Innovaci\u00f3n, Generalitat Valenciana (Consolidacio Cadena Valor)","award":["CIPROM2021\/082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIPROM2021\/082"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Valenciana de Innovaci\u00f3n, Generalitat Valenciana (Consolidacio Cadena Valor)","award":["PRV00225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRV00225"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Ram\u00f3n Areces","award":["075-01025-23-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-01025-23-00"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Ram\u00f3n Areces","award":["CIPROM2021\/082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIPROM2021\/082"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Ram\u00f3n Areces","award":["PRV00225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRV00225"]}]},{"name":"Conseller\u00eda Educaci\u00f3n, Generalitat Valenciana","award":["075-01025-23-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-01025-23-00"]}]},{"name":"Conseller\u00eda Educaci\u00f3n, Generalitat Valenciana","award":["CIPROM2021\/082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIPROM2021\/082"]}]},{"name":"Conseller\u00eda Educaci\u00f3n, Generalitat Valenciana","award":["PRV00225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRV00225"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Funds (ERDF)","award":["075-01025-23-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-01025-23-00"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Funds (ERDF)","award":["CIPROM2021\/082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIPROM2021\/082"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Funds (ERDF)","award":["PRV00225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRV00225"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly spreading acute respiratory infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. The pathogenesis of the disease remains unclear. Recently, several hypotheses have emerged to explain the mechanism of interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and erythrocytes, and its negative effect on the oxygen-transport function that depends on erythrocyte metabolism, which is responsible for hemoglobin-oxygen affinity (Hb-O2 affinity). In clinical settings, the modulators of the Hb-O2 affinity are not currently measured to assess tissue oxygenation, thereby providing inadequate evaluation of erythrocyte dysfunction in the integrated oxygen-transport system. To discover more about hypoxemia\/hypoxia in COVID-19 patients, this review highlights the need for further investigation of the relationship between biochemical aberrations in erythrocytes and oxygen-transport efficiency. Furthermore, patients with severe COVID-19 experience symptoms similar to Alzheimer\u2019s, suggesting that their brains have been altered in ways that increase the likelihood of Alzheimer\u2019s. Mindful of the partly assessed role of structural, metabolic abnormalities that underlie erythrocyte dysfunction in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), we further summarize the available data showing that COVID-19 neurocognitive impairments most probably share similar patterns with known mechanisms of brain dysfunctions in AD. Identification of parameters responsible for erythrocyte function that vary under SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to the search for additional components of progressive and irreversible failure in the integrated oxygen-transport system leading to tissue hypoperfusion. This is particularly relevant for the older generation who experience age-related disorders of erythrocyte metabolism and are prone to AD, and provide an opportunity for new personalized therapies to control this deadly infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T03:33:57Z","timestamp":1679024037000},"page":"5739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Erythrocytes Functionality in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Potential Link with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3293-652X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Kosenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6310-0242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyudmila","family":"Tikhonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gubidat","family":"Alilova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4740-4788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmina","family":"Montoliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Clinico Research Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-3012","article-title":"Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Narrative Review","volume":"173","author":"Oran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30558-4","article-title":"Comorbidities and Multi-Organ Injuries in the Treatment of COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-020-09915-3","article-title":"COVID-19 and Multiorgan Failure: A Narrative Review on Potential Mechanisms","volume":"51","author":"Mokhtari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Histol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16649","article-title":"Mortality in Older Patients with COVID-19","volume":"68","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue Distribution of ACE2 Protein, the Functional Receptor for SARS Coronavirus. A First Step in Understanding SARS Pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103548","article-title":"Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2): COVID 19 Gate Way to Multiple Organ Failure Syndromes","volume":"283","author":"Loganathan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2026131","article-title":"Cytokine Storm","volume":"383","author":"Fajgenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105051","article-title":"Targeting Inflammation and Cytokine Storm in COVID-19","volume":"159","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41285","article-title":"On the Alert for Cytokine Storm: Immunopathology in COVID-19","volume":"72","author":"Henderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2076901","article-title":"Pathophysiology and Mechanism of Long COVID: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"54","author":"Chalon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0448-7","article-title":"Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases Following COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Galeotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804109","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.804109","article-title":"Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome and Autoimmune Diseases Following COVID-19: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"9","author":"Hosseini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-022-00872-5","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Coronavirus-19 Disease","volume":"29","author":"Borczuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2020.100618","article-title":"COVID-19 and Multiorgan Response","volume":"45","author":"Zaim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosic, I., Cosic, D., and Loncarevic, I. (2020). RRM Prediction of Erythrocyte Band3 Protein as Alternative Receptor for SARS-CoV-2 Virus. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10114053"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., and Li, H. (2022). COVID-19: Attacks the 1-Beta Chain of Hemoglobin to Disrupt Respiratory Function and Escape Immunity. ChemRxiv.","DOI":"10.26434\/chemrxiv-2021-dtpv3-v11"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.4081\/cp.2020.1271","article-title":"COVID-19: Hemoglobin, Iron, and Hypoxia beyond Inflammation. A Narrative Review","volume":"10","author":"Cavezzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110227","article-title":"Red Blood Cell Exchange for SARS-CoV-2: A Gemini of Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"144","author":"Hacking","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00606","article-title":"Evidence of Structural Protein Damage and Membrane Lipid Remodeling in Red Blood Cells from COVID-19 Patients","volume":"19","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.04.036","article-title":"Modulation of Hb-O2 Affinity to Improve Hypoxemia in COVID-19 Patients","volume":"40","author":"Woyke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3977.1205","article-title":"Erythrocyte Metabolism: Interaction with Oxygen Transport","volume":"171","author":"Brewer","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1974.tb21907.x","article-title":"In Vivo Red Cell Glycolytic Control and DPG-ATP Levels","volume":"241","author":"Brewer","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.1.210","article-title":"Permissive Hypoxemia: Is It Time to Change Our Approach?","volume":"129","author":"Abdelsalam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21810","article-title":"Unexpectedly Low Pulse Oximetry Measurements Associated with Variant Hemoglobins: A Systematic Review","volume":"85","author":"Verhovsek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1312612","article-title":"Oxygen Saturation in Pulse Oximetry in Hemoglobin Anomalies","volume":"224","author":"Zur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Klin. Padiatr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5337(05)70087-3","article-title":"Mechanisms of Hypoxemia","volume":"6","author":"Henig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Respir. Care Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73560-9","article-title":"A Broad Diversity in Oxygen Affinity to Haemoglobin","volume":"10","author":"Balcerek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mph.0000200685.33291.0a","article-title":"Low Oxygen Saturation by Pulse Oximetry May Be Associated with a Low Oxygen Affinity Hemoglobin Variant, Hemoglobin Titusville","volume":"28","author":"Deyell","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pittman, R.N. (2011). Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation, Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences. Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function to Disease.","DOI":"10.4199\/C00029ED1V01Y201103ISP017"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.03357","article-title":"Tissue Hypoxia: Implications for the Respiratory Clinician","volume":"59","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2174\/18761038MTEwEMjME1","article-title":"COVID-19 and Pneumolysis Simulating Extreme High-Altitude Exposure with Altered Oxygen Transport Physiology; Multiple Diseases, and Scarce Need of Ventilators: Andean Condor\u2019s-Eye-View","volume":"15","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Recent. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00198","article-title":"Disturbed Red Blood Cell Structure and Function: An Exploration of the Role of Red Blood Cells in Neurodegeneration","volume":"5","author":"Bosman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhs.2021.07.002","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Red Blood Cells: Implications for Long Term Symptoms during Exercise","volume":"3","author":"Misiti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamaguchi, K. (2020). Structure-Function Relationships in Various Respiratory Systems: Connecting to the Next Generation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-5596-1"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17128","article-title":"A Left Shift in the Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation Curve in Patients with Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"191","author":"Vogel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e126","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16888","article-title":"Haemoglobin Oxygen Affinity in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Infection","volume":"190","author":"Daniel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e416","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2021-0387","article-title":"Does COVID-19 Alter the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve?\u2014An Observational Cohort Study Using a Mixed-Effect Modelling","volume":"59","author":"Laredo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578708","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.578708","article-title":"The Affinity of Hemoglobin for Oxygen Is Not Altered During COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Gille","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e229","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17025","article-title":"Single-Cell Oxygen Saturation Imaging Shows That Gas Exchange by Red Blood Cells Is Not Impaired in COVID-19 Patients","volume":"190","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L349","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00079.2021","article-title":"The Oxygen Dissociation Curve of Blood in COVID-19","volume":"321","author":"Kuebler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17053","article-title":"COVID-19 and Haemoglobin Oxygen Affinity: Some Clarity?","volume":"190","author":"Shattock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17051","article-title":"Haemoglobin Oxygen Affinity in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Infection: Still Unclear","volume":"190","author":"Harutyunyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e31817e4a19","article-title":"Dyshemoglobinemias and Pulse Oximetry: A Therapeutic Challenge","volume":"30","author":"Hladik","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.22702","article-title":"The Diagnostic Dilemma of Congenital Unstable Hemoglobinopathies","volume":"55","author":"Yates","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-200273","article-title":"The Vagal Autonomic Pathway of COVID-19 at the Crossroad of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Aging: A Review of Knowledge","volume":"4","author":"Rangon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2020.173","article-title":"Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"48","author":"Roy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2020.146","article-title":"Neurological Manifestations in COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Collantes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2020.10.001","article-title":"Neurological Manifestations Associated with SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses: A Narrative Review for Clinicians","volume":"177","author":"Maury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.289000","article-title":"Spectrum of Neurological Manifestations in Covid-19: A Review","volume":"68","author":"Garg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","article-title":"Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Nalbandian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653694","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.653694","article-title":"Age-Associated Neurological Complications of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Sullivan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008597","article-title":"Neurologic Features in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"382","author":"Helms","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.06.012","article-title":"Delirium as a Presenting Feature in COVID-19: Neuroinvasive Infection or Autoimmune Encephalopathy?","volume":"88","author":"Hosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000028987.97497.22","article-title":"Alzheimer Disease as a Vascular Disorder: Nosological Evidence","volume":"33","author":"Royall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161266","article-title":"Are Major Dementias Triggered by Poor Blood Flow to the Brain? Theoretical Considerations","volume":"57","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(02)51010-2","article-title":"Glucose\/Mitochondria in Neurological Conditions","volume":"51","author":"Blass","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1159\/000017165","article-title":"Cerebrometabolic Aspects of Delirium in Relationship to Dementia","volume":"10","author":"Blass","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(00)00111-1","article-title":"Critically Attained Threshold of Cerebral Hypoperfusion: The CATCH Hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Pathogenesis","volume":"21","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180004","article-title":"The Vascular Hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Key to Preclinical Prediction of Dementia Using Neuroimaging","volume":"63","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosenko, E., Tikhonova, L., Alilova, G., Urios, A., and Montoliu, C. (2020). The Erythrocytic Hypothesis of Brain Energy Crisis in Sporadic Alzheimer Disease: Possible Consequences and Supporting Evidence. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9010206"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1159\/000113681","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Neuronal Energy Crisis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"5","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025678510480","article-title":"A Metabolic Basis for Alzheimer Disease","volume":"28","author":"Perry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"94","article-title":"Brain Metabolic Stress and Neuroinflammation at the Basis of Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Lourenco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1179\/016164103101201995","article-title":"Cerebrometabolic Abnormalities in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"25","author":"Blass","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.07.001","article-title":"Sugar for the Brain: The Role of Glucose in Physiological and Pathological Brain Function","volume":"36","author":"Mergenthaler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170363","article-title":"Exploring Erythrocytes as Blood Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"60","author":"Stevenson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2018.07.009","article-title":"Morphological Changes Induced in Erythrocyte by Amyloid Beta Peptide and Glucose Depletion: A Combined Atomic Force Microscopy and Biochemical Study","volume":"1861","author":"Dinarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.11.013","article-title":"Amyloid-Beta Peptide Affects the Oxygen Dependence of Erythrocyte Metabolism: A Role for Caspase 3","volume":"39","author":"Clementi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(91)90033-G","article-title":"Erythrocyte Membrane Characteristics Indicate Abnormal Cellular Aging in Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Bosman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/30.3.235","article-title":"Antioxidant Defences and Oxidative Stress Markers in Erythrocytes and Plasma from Normally Nourished Elderly Alzheimer Patients","volume":"30","author":"Peuchant","year":"2001","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00728","article-title":"Metabolic Abnormalities of Erythrocytes as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Kosenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190567","article-title":"Erythrocytes as Biomarkers for Dementia: Analysis of Protein Content and Alpha-Synuclein","volume":"71","author":"Graham","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2016.01.001","article-title":"Erythrocytes and Their Role as Health Indicator: Using Structure in a Patient-Orientated Precision Medicine Approach","volume":"30","author":"Pretorius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100695","article-title":"Eryptosis as a Marker of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"6","author":"Pretorius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35284","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6074","article-title":"Viscoelastic and Ultrastructural Characteristics of Whole Blood and Plasma in Alzheimer-Type Dementia, and the Possible Role of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)","volume":"6","author":"Bester","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4034","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-04-1622","article-title":"The Energy-Less Red Blood Cell Is Lost: Erythrocyte Enzyme Abnormalities of Glycolysis","volume":"106","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.F292","article-title":"Hemoglobin-Mediated, Hypoxia-Induced Vasodilation via Nitric Oxide: Mechanism(s) and Physiologic versus Pathophysiologic Relevance","volume":"32","author":"Robinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-07-2668","article-title":"Hypoxia, Red Blood Cells, and Nitrite Regulate NO-Dependent Hypoxic Vasodilation","volume":"107","author":"Crawford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"332","article-title":"Red Blood Cells in Sports: Effects of Exercise and Training on Oxygen Supply by Red Blood Cells","volume":"4","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2018.1531710","article-title":"Red Blood Cells as an Organ? How Deep Omics Characterization of the Most Abundant Cell in the Human Body Highlights Other Systemic Metabolic Functions beyond Oxygen Transport","volume":"15","author":"Nemkov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPN5BMTSF1CDYP","article-title":"Establishing Reference Intervals for Clinical Laboratory Test Results: Is There a Better Way?","volume":"133","author":"Katayev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2016.001","article-title":"Reference Intervals: Current Status, Recent Developments and Future Considerations","volume":"26","author":"Ozarda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2016.6954","article-title":"Red Blood Cell Function and Dysfunction: Redox Regulation, Nitric Oxide Metabolism, Anemia","volume":"26","author":"Kuhn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2007.02.048","article-title":"The Plasma Membrane of Erythrocytes Plays a Fundamental Role in the Transport of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Nitric Oxide and in the Maintenance of the Reduced State of the Heme Iron","volume":"398","author":"Galtieri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6049","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)63504-5","article-title":"Superoxide Dismutase. An Enzymic Function for Erythrocuprein (Hemocuprein)","volume":"244","author":"McCord","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(89)73003-2","article-title":"Structure and Deformation Properties of Red Blood Cells: Concepts and Quantitative Methods","volume":"173","author":"Evans","year":"1989","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00084","article-title":"Red Blood Cell Oxidative Stress Impairs Oxygen Delivery and Induces Red Blood Cell Aging","volume":"5","author":"Mohanty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2005.04924.x","article-title":"Adenine and Adenosine Salvage Pathways in Erythrocytes and the Role of S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase. A Theoretical Study Using Elementary Flux Modes","volume":"272","author":"Schuster","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0840406","article-title":"The Role of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in the Reduction of Methaemoglobin in Human Erythrocytes","volume":"84","author":"Stromme","year":"1962","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444904020645","article-title":"Structure of Human Erythrocyte NADH-Cytochrome B5 Reductase","volume":"60","author":"Bando","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta. Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(87)90167-6","article-title":"Human Erythrocyte Glutathione S-Transferase: A Possible Marker of Chemical Exposure","volume":"37","author":"Ansari","year":"1987","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111103","article-title":"The Protein Organization of a Red Blood Cell","volume":"40","author":"McCafferty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907444","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.907444","article-title":"Innate Variability in Physiological and Omics Aspects of the Beta Thalassemia Trait-Specific Donor Variation Effects","volume":"13","author":"Anastasiadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(67)90228-8","article-title":"The Effect of Organic Phosphates from the Human Erythrocyte on the Allosteric Properties of Hemoglobin","volume":"26","author":"Benesch","year":"1967","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1977.tb10002.x","article-title":"Red Cell 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate and Oxygen Affinity","volume":"32","author":"MacDonald","year":"1977","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(95)00531-5","article-title":"Polyol Pathway, 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate in Erythrocytes and Diabetic Neuropathy in Rats","volume":"294","author":"Nakamura","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.374","article-title":"Increased Plasma Catalytic Iron in Patients May Mediate Acute Kidney Injury and Death Following Cardiac Surgery","volume":"87","author":"Leaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.96.2.0287","article-title":"Brain Edema after Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Role of Hemoglobin Degradation Products","volume":"96","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-09469-3_2","article-title":"Bilirubin Oxidation Products, Oxidative Stress, and Intracerebral Hemorrhage","volume":"105","author":"Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L532","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00155.2015","article-title":"Cell-Free Hemoglobin: A Novel Mediator of Acute Lung Injury","volume":"310","author":"Shaver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drvenica, I.T., Stan\u010di\u0107, A.Z., Maslovari\u0107, I.S., Trivanovi\u0107, D.I., and Ili\u0107, V.L. (2022). Extracellular Hemoglobin: Modulation of Cellular Functions and Pathophysiological Effects. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111708"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102381","article-title":"Is Haem the Real Target of COVID-19?","volume":"35","author":"Rapozzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1159\/000047014","article-title":"Respiratory Failure","volume":"20","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"93","article-title":"The Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation Curve in Critical Illness","volume":"1","author":"Morgan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit. Care Resusc."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10482.x","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Hemoglobin Disorders","volume":"850","author":"Angastiniotis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"2643","article-title":"An Electronic Database of Human Hemoglobin Variants on the World Wide Web","volume":"91","author":"Chui","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.941","article-title":"Hemoglobin Titusville: A Rare Low Oxygen Affinity Hemoglobinopathy","volume":"5","author":"Yasar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-078188","article-title":"Hemoglobin Research and the Origins of Molecular Medicine","volume":"112","author":"Schechter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2016.06.003","article-title":"High Oxygen Affinity Hemoglobins","volume":"38","author":"Mangin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202004-1385ED","article-title":"Mechanical Ventilation in COVID-19: Interpreting the Current Epidemiology","volume":"202","author":"Wunsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.05.542","article-title":"Intensity of Renal Replacement Therapy and Duration of Mechanical Ventilation: Secondary Analysis of the Acute Renal Failure Trial Network Study","volume":"158","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"144","article-title":"Association of Hypophosphatemia with Failure-to-Wean from Mechanical Ventilation","volume":"40","author":"Alsumrain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12139","article-title":"The Medical Use of Oxygen: A Time for Critical Reappraisal","volume":"274","author":"Singer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000182888.94728.3A","article-title":"Prone Position, High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation, and Hippocrates in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Broccard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.50039","article-title":"Risk Factors for Mortality of Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 Receiving Invasive Ventilation","volume":"18","author":"Tu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.6.9709092","article-title":"Multiple System Organ Failure. Is Mechanical Ventilation a Contributing Factor?","volume":"157","author":"Slutsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004500","article-title":"Covid-19 in Critically Ill Patients in the Seattle Region\u2014Case Series","volume":"382","author":"Bhatraju","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494820985172","article-title":"Factors Associated with Hospitalization, Invasive Mechanical Ventilation Treatment and Death among All Confirmed COVID-19 Cases in Norway: Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"49","author":"Telle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.6.1840","article-title":"Predictors of Outcome for Patients with COPD Requiring Invasive Mechanical Ventilation","volume":"119","author":"Nevins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801223380407","article-title":"Respiratory Function of Hemoglobin","volume":"338","author":"Hsia","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"25","article-title":"Safe Use of Oxygen Therapy: A Physiologic Approach. Part 2","volume":"13","author":"Ryerson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Respir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"1463","article-title":"Oxygen Transport by Hemoglobin","volume":"2","author":"Weber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(03)00133-5","article-title":"Reference Intervals: An Update","volume":"334","author":"Horn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical Course and Risk Factors for Mortality of Adult Inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2020.52.2.154","article-title":"Age-Related Morbidity and Mortality among Patients with COVID-19","volume":"52","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03426-1","article-title":"Increased Mortality in Community-Tested Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Lineage, B.1.1.7","volume":"593","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanez, N.D., Weiss, N.S., Romand, J.-A., and Treggiari, M.M. (2020). COVID-19 Mortality Risk for Older Men and Women. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09826-8"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E19","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16533","article-title":"Risk Factors for Mortality in 244 Older Adults With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Study","volume":"68","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100490","article-title":"Prevalence and Prognostic Value of Delirium as the Initial Presentation of COVID-19 in the Elderly with Dementia: An Italian Retrospective Study","volume":"26","author":"Poloni","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12255","article-title":"CNS SARS-CoV-2 Consortium The Chronic Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of COVID-19: The Need for a Prospective Study of Viral Impact on Brain Functioning","volume":"17","author":"Snyder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.202057","article-title":"Rapid Progression to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Review of Current Understanding of Critical Illness from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection","volume":"49","author":"Goh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singap."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.019","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Elderly Patients: Characteristics and Prognostic Factors Based on 4-Week Follow-Up","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109762","article-title":"The Powerful Immune System against Powerful COVID-19: A Hypothesis","volume":"140","author":"Akbari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13729","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13729","article-title":"DNA Damage Contributes to Age-Associated Differences in SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"21","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnac042","article-title":"Addressing Suicide Risk in Patients Living With Dementia During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond","volume":"62","author":"Portacolone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001356","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2020-001356","article-title":"Relationships between Hyperinsulinaemia, Magnesium, Vitamin D, Thrombosis and COVID-19: Rationale for Clinical Management","volume":"7","author":"Cooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/38.1.66","article-title":"Age-Correlated Modifications of Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione-Related Enzyme Activities in Human Erythrocytes","volume":"38","author":"Trivier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830420302","article-title":"Altered Properties of Erythrocytes in the Aged","volume":"42","author":"Kosower","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1159\/000021993","article-title":"Hemorheological Changes during Human Aging","volume":"44","author":"Ajmani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000022067","article-title":"Age-Related Changes on Glucose Transport and Utilization of Human Erythrocytes: Effect of Oxidative Stress","volume":"45","author":"Ulutin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527314666150821103444","article-title":"Relationship between Chronic Disturbance of 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Metabolism in Erythrocytes and Alzheimer Disease","volume":"15","author":"Kosenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1983.tb06281.x","article-title":"Red Blood Cell Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity in Aged Humans","volume":"31","author":"Rodgers","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1997.1130652.x","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus and Subjects\u2019 Ageing: A Study on the ATP Content and ATP-Related Enzyme Activities in Human Erythrocytes","volume":"27","author":"Rabini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.2174\/18715273113126660130","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease: Role of Oxidative Stress, Amyloid-\u03b2 Peptides, Systemic Ammonia and Erythrocyte Energy Metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Kosenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7879","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.17.7879","article-title":"Calpain (Ca2+-Dependent Thiol Protease) in Erythrocytes of Young and Old Individuals","volume":"91","author":"Glaser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2750047","article-title":"Band 3 Protein Degradation by Calpain Is Enhanced in Erythrocytes of Old People","volume":"275","author":"Glaser","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527311201070926","article-title":"Antioxidant Status and Energy State of Erythrocytes in Alzheimer Dementia: Probing for Markers","volume":"11","author":"Kosenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.3.1.10476","article-title":"Markers of Oxidative Stress in Erythrocytes and Plasma during Aging in Humans","volume":"3","author":"Pandey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"291","article-title":"Blood Rheology and Aging","volume":"10","author":"Simmonds","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101650","article-title":"Hypoxia and Hemorheological Properties in Older Individuals","volume":"79","author":"Raberin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/251511a0","article-title":"Red Cell 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Concentration in Man Decreases with Age","volume":"251","author":"Purcell","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2013.0400244","article-title":"Age-Related Defects in Erythrocyte 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Metabolism in Dementia","volume":"4","author":"Kaminsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.15","article-title":"Allosteric Properties of Hemoglobin and the Plasma Membrane of the Erythrocyte: New Insights in Gas Transport and Metabolic Modulation","volume":"60","author":"Galtieri","year":"2008","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2013.1419","article-title":"Resveratrol Up-Regulates the Erythrocyte Plasma Membrane Redox System and Mitigates Oxidation-Induced Alterations in Erythrocytes during Aging in Humans","volume":"16","author":"Pandey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v5.i4.216","article-title":"Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Erythrocytes as a Function of Human Age","volume":"5","author":"Maurya","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1395.041","article-title":"Markers of Oxidative Stress in Erythrocytes during Aging in Humans","volume":"1100","author":"Rizvi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000242461","article-title":"Erythrocyte Aggregation and Neutrophil Function in an Aging Population","volume":"56","author":"Christy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-44551","article-title":"Blood Rheology and Hemodynamics","volume":"29","author":"Baskurt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2019.12.008","article-title":"Red Blood Cell Dysfunction in Critical Illness","volume":"36","author":"Rogers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care Clin."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(91)90178-O","article-title":"Is There a Specific Membrane Defect in Bipolar Disorders?","volume":"30","author":"Meltzer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/714044394","article-title":"Biochemical Alterations of Erythrocytes as an Indicator of Mental Disorders: An Overview","volume":"11","author":"Ponizovsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4252","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603023113","article-title":"Individual Variability in Human Blood Metabolites Identifies Age-Related Differences","volume":"113","author":"Chaleckis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4503","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278338","article-title":"Reduced Deformability Contributes to Impaired Deoxygenation-Induced ATP Release from Red Blood Cells of Older Adult Humans","volume":"597","author":"Racine","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.35630\/2199-885X\/2020\/10\/3.1","article-title":"Erythrocytes as a Target of SARS COV-2 in Pathogenesis of COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Reva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archiv. Euromedica"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2004.04.018","article-title":"Functional Adaptation and Its Molecular Basis in Vertebrate Hemoglobins, Neuroglobins and Cytoglobins","volume":"144","author":"Weber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1038\/221618a0","article-title":"Intracellular Organic Phosphates as Regulators of Oxygen Release by Haemoglobin","volume":"221","author":"Benesch","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.62.5_Supplement.79S","article-title":"Oxygen Transport and 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (DPG)","volume":"62","author":"Klocke","year":"1972","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1975.tb06503.x","article-title":"The Problem of Tissue Oxygenation in Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence of disordered oxygen release from the erythrocytes of diabetics in various conditions of metabolic control","volume":"578","author":"Ditzel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Med. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(78)90136-1","article-title":"An Adverse Effect of Insulin on the Oxygen-Release Capacity of Red Blood Cells in Nonacidotic Diabetics","volume":"27","author":"Ditzel","year":"1978","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00586998","article-title":"Effects of 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate and Other Organic Phosphate Compounds on Oxygen Affinity and Intracellular PH of Human Erythrocytes","volume":"326","author":"Duhm","year":"1971","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6ning, D., Bloch, W., and Kuebler, W.M. (2022). Comment on Ceruti et al. Temporal Changes in the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 788. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11123376"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02160214","article-title":"Reductions in Red Blood Cell 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Concentration during Continuous Renal Replacment Therapy","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3109\/10408367909105855","article-title":"The Significance of 2,3-DPG in Red Blood Cell Transfusions","volume":"11","author":"Sohmer","year":"1979","journal-title":"CRC Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105948","article-title":"Effect of Altitude on Oxygen Binding by Hemoglobin and on Organic Phosphate Levels","volume":"47","author":"Lenfant","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1971.30.5.625","article-title":"Shift of the O2-Hb Dissociation Curve at Altitude: Mechanism and Effect","volume":"30","author":"Lenfant","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196905222802108","article-title":"Red-Cell 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Levels in Subjects with Chronic Hypoxemia","volume":"280","author":"Oski","year":"1969","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197006182822507","article-title":"Control of Hemoglobin Function within the Red Cell","volume":"282","author":"Bunn","year":"1970","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-2-245","article-title":"Hemolytic Anemias and Erythrocyte Enzymopathies","volume":"103","author":"Valentine","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"44","article-title":"The Importance of 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate in Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation","volume":"123","author":"Hodgkin","year":"1975","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1975.tb06502.x","article-title":"The Problem of Tissue Oxygenation in Diabetes Mellitus. I. Its Relation to the Early Functional Changes in the Microcirculation of Diabetic Subjects","volume":"578","author":"Ditzel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Med. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.001415","article-title":"Relating Oxygen Partial Pressure, Saturation and Content: The Haemoglobin-Oxygen Dissociation Curve","volume":"11","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breathe"},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"599","article-title":"Simple, Accurate Equations for Human Blood O2 Dissociation Computations","volume":"46","author":"Severinghaus","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L174","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00390.2021","article-title":"Is There a Shift of the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve in COVID-19?","volume":"322","author":"Gille","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05792-x","article-title":"Revisiting Oxygen Dissociation Curves and Bedside Measured Arterial Saturation in Critically Ill Children","volume":"45","author":"Eytan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceruti, S., Minotti, B., Glotta, A., Biggiogero, M., Bona, G., Marzano, M., Greco, P., Spagnoletti, M., Garzoni, C., and Bendjelid, K. (2022). Temporal Changes in the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030788"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceruti, S., Minotti, B., Glotta, A., Biggiogero, M., Bona, G., Marzano, M., Greco, P., Spagnoletti, M., Garzoni, C., and Bendjelid, K. (2022). Reply to B\u00f6ning et al. Comment on \u201cCeruti et al. Temporal Changes in the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 788\u201d. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154547"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000181675.39370.3D","article-title":"Red Blood Cell 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Concentration and In Vivo P50 during Early Critical Illness","volume":"33","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1972.00320060062006","article-title":"Erythrocyte 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate in Iron Deficiency","volume":"129","author":"Slawsky","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(74)90129-6","article-title":"The Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve in Health and Disease. Role of 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate","volume":"57","author":"Thomas","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0102900505","article-title":"Reduced Red Cell 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Concentrations in Critical Illness without Decreased in Vivo P50","volume":"29","author":"Morgan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anaesth. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3109\/00365516409055227","article-title":"The Variation of Blood Oxygen Dissociation Curves in Patients","volume":"16","author":"Naeraa","year":"1964","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.1986.1.1.86","article-title":"2,3-Diphosphoglyceric Acid Changes in Uremia and during Hemodialysis","volume":"1","author":"Kang","year":"1986","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-197502000-00001","article-title":"Pharmacologic Manipulation of Human Erythrocyte 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Levels by Prednisone Administration","volume":"9","author":"Silken","year":"1975","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197208242870804","article-title":"Androgen-Induced Increase in Red-Cell 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate","volume":"287","author":"Parker","year":"1972","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"443","article-title":"Variations of Erythrocyte Glycolysis Following Androgens","volume":"81","author":"Molinari","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(77)90104-7","article-title":"Altered Hemoglobin-Oxygen Affinity with Long-Term Propranolol Therapy in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"40","author":"Schrumpf","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197001000-00003","article-title":"Does Anesthesia Alter Hemoglobin Dissociation?","volume":"32","author":"Smith","year":"1970","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03259842","article-title":"Drug- and Chemical-Induced Methaemoglobinaemia. Clinical Features and Management","volume":"1","author":"Hall","year":"1986","journal-title":"Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(72)90235-3","article-title":"Salicylate Poisoning\u2014Effect on 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Levels in the Rat","volume":"21","author":"Kravath","year":"1972","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1958.12.3.485","article-title":"Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve Correction for Temperature and PH Variation in Human Blood","volume":"12","author":"Severinghaus","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbr.2021.10.010","article-title":"Absence of Relevant Clinical Effects of SARS-COV-2 on the Affinity of Hemoglobin for O2 in Patients with COVID-19","volume":"57","author":"Ferrer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17127","article-title":"Are Mushroom-Shaped Erythrocytes an Indicator of COVID-19?","volume":"192","author":"Lesesve","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sweeney, J.M., Barouqa, M., Krause, G.J., Gonzalez-Lugo, J.D., Rahman, S., and Gil, M.R. (2020). Evidence for Secondary Thrombotic Microangiopathy in COVID-19. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.20.20215608"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81316","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.81316","article-title":"Cross-Talk between Red Blood Cells and Plasma Influences Blood Flow and Omics Phenotypes in Severe COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Recktenwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825055","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.825055","article-title":"Red Blood Cell Abnormalities as the Mirror of SARS-CoV-2 Disease Severity: A Pilot Study","volume":"12","author":"Bouchla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2011.01310.x","article-title":"Human Red Blood Cell Aging: Correlative Changes in Surface Charge and Cell Properties","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-021-10322-8","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infects Red Blood Cell Progenitors and Dysregulates Hemoglobin and Iron Metabolism","volume":"18","author":"Traikov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem. Cell. Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17306","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on Red Blood Cell Rheology","volume":"192","author":"Renoux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-71764-7_2","article-title":"Hemorheological Aspects in the Microvasculature of Several Pathologies","volume":"599","author":"Cicco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1206","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00109.2007","article-title":"Effects of Erythrocyte Flexibility on Microvascular Perfusion and Oxygenation during Acute Anemia","volume":"293","author":"Cabrales","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_212","first-page":"201","article-title":"Structural Alterations in Erythrocytes from Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"27","author":"Santini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Haemostasis"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Revin, V., Balykova, L., Pinyaev, S., Syusin, I., Radaeva, O., Revina, N., Kostina, Y., Kozlov, E., Inchina, V., and Nikitin, I. (2022). Research into Morphofunctional Characteristics of Erythrocytes in COVID-19 Patients. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10030553"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2004.09.013","article-title":"A Hypothesis of the Disc-Sphere Transformation of the Erythrocytes between Glass Surfaces and of Related Observations","volume":"233","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1977.tb00589.x","article-title":"International Committee for Standardization in Haematology: Recommended Methods for Red-Cell Enzyme Analysis","volume":"35","author":"Beutler","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_216","first-page":"139","article-title":"The Red Cell Revisited\u2014Matters of Life and Death","volume":"50","author":"Werre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.7b00025","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Human Red Blood Cell Proteome","volume":"16","author":"Bryk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1989). Recommended Methods for an Additional Red Cell Enzyme (Pyrimidine 5\u2032-Nucleotidase) Assay and the Determination of Red Cell Adenosine-5\u2032-Triphosphate, 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate and Reduced Glutathione. International Committee for Standardization in Haematology. Clin. Lab. Haematol., 11, 131\u2013138.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2257.1989.tb00195.x"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2009.07.010","article-title":"Comparative Proteomics of Erythrocyte Aging in Vivo and in Vitro","volume":"73","author":"Bosman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09702","article-title":"Circadian Clocks in Human Red Blood Cells","volume":"469","author":"Reddy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2007.052","article-title":"Patient Hydration: A Major Source of Laboratory Uncertainty","volume":"45","author":"Ritchie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_222","first-page":"245","article-title":"Relationships among Body Composition, Hemorheology and Exercise Performance in Rugbymen","volume":"19","author":"Bouix","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2012.32.4.250","article-title":"Influence of a Regular, Standardized Meal on Clinical Chemistry Analytes","volume":"32","author":"Salvagno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31828843e6","article-title":"Decreased Erythrocyte Deformability after Transfusion and the Effects of Erythrocyte Storage Duration","volume":"116","author":"Frank","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_225","first-page":"327","article-title":"Hemorheological Efficiency of Drugs, Targeting on Intracellular Phosphodiesterase Activity: In Vitro Study","volume":"36","author":"Muravyov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.1998.00380.x","article-title":"Human Body-Fluid Distribution during Exercise in Hot, Temperate and Cool Environments","volume":"163","author":"Maw","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2007.110","article-title":"The Role of Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) as in Vitro Anticoagulant for Diagnostic Purposes","volume":"45","author":"Banfi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.12.2242","article-title":"Stability Studies of Twenty-Four Analytes in Human Plasma and Serum","volume":"48","author":"Boyanton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.05.010","article-title":"Effects of Heparin, Citrate, and EDTA on Plasma Biochemistry of Sheep: Comparison with Serum","volume":"86","author":"Mohri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(69)90050-4","article-title":"Methods for Determination of O2 Dissociation Curves, Including Bohr Effect","volume":"8","author":"Torrance","year":"1969","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-2009-1202","article-title":"New Guidelines for Hemorheological Laboratory Techniques","volume":"42","author":"Baskurt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_232","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2002). Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory Technology, Use of Anticoagulants in Diagnostic Laboratory Investigations. Stability of Blood, Plasma and Serum Samples."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.02.038","article-title":"Initial Low Oxygen Extraction Ratio Is Related to Severe Organ Dysfunction and High In-Hospital Mortality in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Patients","volume":"49","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1989.2","article-title":"ATP and Brain Function","volume":"9","author":"Silver","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.181","article-title":"The Oxygen Paradox of Neurovascular Coupling","volume":"34","author":"Leithner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8940","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0026-12.2012","article-title":"Oxidative Phosphorylation, Not Glycolysis, Powers Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Mechanisms Underlying Brain Information Processing","volume":"32","author":"Hall","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2016.0081","article-title":"Surviving Without Oxygen: How Low Can the Human Brain Go?","volume":"18","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"High Alt. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_238","first-page":"119","article-title":"Neurologic Complications of Critical Illness: Part I. Altered States of Consciousness and Metabolic Encephalopathies","volume":"4","author":"Sanap","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Care Resusc."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.198192","article-title":"How to Recognize and Treat Metabolic Encephalopathy in Neurology Intensive Care Unit","volume":"65","author":"Berisavac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.8.1283","article-title":"Risk Factors for Incident Dementia after Stroke. Role of Hypoxic and Ischemic Disorders","volume":"27","author":"Moroney","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2015.164","article-title":"The Neuropathology and Cerebrovascular Mechanisms of Dementia","volume":"36","author":"Raz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05026.x","article-title":"Hypoxia and Neurodegeneration","volume":"1177","author":"Peers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq200","article-title":"Cerebral Oxygenation in Wake and during Sleep and Its Relationship to Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults without Sleep Disordered Breathing","volume":"66","author":"Carlson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_244","first-page":"613","article-title":"Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Hypoxia, and Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Older Women","volume":"306","author":"Yaffe","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00276","article-title":"Erythrocytes as Potential Link between Diabetes and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Misiti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_246","first-page":"207","article-title":"The role of 2,3-DPG in nerve conduction of children with type 1 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Szypowska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Diabetol. Chor. Przemiany Mater. Wieku Rozw"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007141","article-title":"Aggregability of Red Blood Cells of Schizophrenia Patients with Negative Syndrome Is Selectively Enhanced","volume":"30","author":"Barshtein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1080\/10739680701411056","article-title":"Hemorheological Mechanisms in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2017-0041","article-title":"Search for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Biomarkers in Blood Cells: Hypotheses-Driven Approach","volume":"11","author":"Wojsiat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000014421.15948.67","article-title":"Alzheimer Disease as a Vascular Disorder. Nosological Evidence","volume":"33","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.03.006","article-title":"Brain, Blood, and Iron: Perspectives on the Roles of Erythrocytes and Iron in Neurodegeneration","volume":"46","author":"Prohaska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e318299673c","article-title":"The Red Cell Distribution Width and Anemia in Association with Prevalent Dementia","volume":"28","author":"Weuve","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150170241","article-title":"Acanthocytosis and Neurological Disorders","volume":"248","author":"Stevenson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135567","article-title":"Neurological Issues in Children with COVID-19","volume":"743","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10067-3","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Neurological Symptoms and Complications of COVID-19","volume":"268","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116884","article-title":"The Neurology of COVID-19 Revisited: A Proposal from the Environmental Neurology Specialty Group of the World Federation of Neurology to Implement International Neurological Registries","volume":"414","author":"Spencer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197005282822201","article-title":"Acute Change in Hemoglobin Affinity for Oxygen during Angina Pectoris","volume":"282","author":"Shappell","year":"1970","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10731","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M610717200","article-title":"Roles of Hemoglobin Allostery in Hypoxia-Induced Metabolic Alterations in Erythrocytes: Simulation and Its Verification by Metabolome Analysis","volume":"282","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00626019","article-title":"Hemoglobin-Oxygen Affinity in Anemia","volume":"54","author":"Enciso","year":"1987","journal-title":"Blut"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197007232830402","article-title":"Intraerythrocytic Adaptation to Anemia","volume":"283","author":"Torrance","year":"1970","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196912252812605","article-title":"Red-Cell 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate and Creatine Levels in Patients with Red-Cell Mass Deficits or with Cardiopulmonary Insufficiency","volume":"281","author":"Valeri","year":"1969","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.04.021","article-title":"Hypoxia in COVID-19: Sign of Severity or Cause for Poor Outcomes","volume":"95","author":"Kashani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5674","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI142780","article-title":"Complement and Coagulation: Key Triggers of COVID-19-Induced Multiorgan Pathology","volume":"130","author":"Ghebrehiwet","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.05.193","article-title":"COVID-19 and SARS-Cov-2 Infection: Pathophysiology and Clinical Effects on the Nervous System","volume":"140","author":"Abboud","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_265","first-page":"315","article-title":"Red Cell Vesiculation\u2014A Common Membrane Physiologic Event","volume":"108","author":"Wagner","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04388-z","article-title":"Contribution of Plasma Membrane Lipid Domains to Red Blood Cell (Re)Shaping","volume":"7","author":"Leonard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.103.2.343","article-title":"Erythrocyte Membrane Deformability and Stability: Two Distinct Membrane Properties That Are Independently Regulated by Skeletal Protein Associations","volume":"103","author":"Chasis","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_268","first-page":"s12","article-title":"Red Blood Cell Deformability during Storage: Towards Functional Proteomics and Metabolomics in the Blood Bank","volume":"10","author":"Cluitmans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grau, M., Pauly, S., Ali, J., Walpurgis, K., Thevis, M., Bloch, W., and Suhr, F. (2013). RBC-NOS-Dependent S-Nitrosylation of Cytoskeletal Proteins Improves RBC Deformability. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056759"},{"key":"ref_270","first-page":"535","article-title":"Use of Ektacytometry to Determine Red Cell Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress","volume":"116","author":"Kuypers","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_271","first-page":"325","article-title":"Assessment of hemorheological deformability of human red cells exposed to tert-butyl hydroperoxide, verapamil and ascorbate by ektacytometer","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Korean J. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199105000-00022","article-title":"Oxygen Free Radicals: Effect on Red Cell Deformability in Sepsis","volume":"19","author":"Powell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2165\/00139709-200423030-00004","article-title":"Oxidant Stress and Haemolysis of the Human Erythrocyte","volume":"23","author":"Sivilotti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9574","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806501115","article-title":"Mechanics of Diseased Red Blood Cells in Human Spleen and Consequences for Hereditary Blood Disorders","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_275","first-page":"S27","article-title":"Review of Physiologic Mechanisms in Response to Anemia","volume":"156","author":"Hu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2021.05.025","article-title":"Physical Phenotype of Blood Cells Is Altered in COVID-19","volume":"120","author":"Hohberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-022-05490-7","article-title":"Morphofunctional Characteristics of Erythrocytes and Blood Erythropoietin Level in Patients as Predictors of Severe Course of COVID-19","volume":"173","author":"Revin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2021.12.003","article-title":"Erythrocytes Induce Vascular Dysfunction in COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"Mahdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1159\/000073578","article-title":"The Red Blood Cell in Vascular Occlusion","volume":"32","author":"Yedgar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/10739680590894966","article-title":"Microvascular Rheology and Hemodynamics","volume":"12","author":"Lipowsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scholkmann, F., Restin, T., Ferrari, M., and Quaresima, V. (2020). The Role of Methemoglobin and Carboxyhemoglobin in COVID-19: A Review. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010050"},{"key":"ref_282","first-page":"e23155","article-title":"Occurrence of Methemoglobinemia Due to COVID-19: A Case Report","volume":"14","author":"Kashari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ting, Y.L., Lim, J.Z.M., Yeo, P.M., and Sim, W. (2021). Methemoglobinemia: A Potential Confounder in COVID-19 Respiratory Failure. Singap. Med. J., 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2021192"},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.04.020","article-title":"Methemoglobinemia in COVID-19","volume":"362","author":"Sahu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e01013","article-title":"Methemoglobinemia and Hemolytic Anemia after COVID-19 Infection without Identifiable Eliciting Drug: A Case-Report","volume":"23","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E196","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25868","article-title":"The Emergence of Methemoglobinemia amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"95","author":"Naymagon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_287","first-page":"500","article-title":"The Pathophysiology of Extracellular Hemoglobin Associated with Enhanced Oxidative Reactions","volume":"5","author":"Rifkind","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bateman, R.M., Sharpe, M.D., Singer, M., and Ellis, C.G. (2017). The Effect of Sepsis on the Erythrocyte. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091932"},{"key":"ref_289","first-page":"1","article-title":"Methemoglobinemia as Biomarker and Precursor of Brain Capillary Oxidative Damage Link to Ferric Iron Accumulation and Originator of Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"3","author":"Lavezzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Syst. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)70167-8","article-title":"Methemoglobinemia: Etiology, Pharmacology, and Clinical Management","volume":"34","author":"Wright","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_291","first-page":"133","article-title":"Methemoglobin Pathophysiology","volume":"51","year":"1981","journal-title":"Prog. Clin. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e318232139f","article-title":"Methemoglobinemia: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management","volume":"104","author":"Skold","year":"2011","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, A., Tellone, E., Barreca, D., Ficarra, S., and Lagan\u00e0, G. (2022). Implication of COVID-19 on Erythrocytes Functionality: Red Blood Cell Biochemical Implications and Morpho-Functional Aspects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042171"},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17317","article-title":"COVID-19-Associated Oxidative Damage to Red Blood Cells","volume":"193","author":"Khakwani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_295","first-page":"34","article-title":"Red Blood Cell Morphology in Patients with COVID-19-Related Anaemia","volume":"19","author":"Berzuini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2022.153782","article-title":"Pathological Effects of SARS-CoV-2 on Hematological and Immunological Cells: Alterations in Count, Morphology, and Function","volume":"231","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-015-0086-3","article-title":"The Role of Red Blood Cells and Cell-Free Hemoglobin in the Pathogenesis of ARDS","volume":"3","author":"Janz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000035","article-title":"Abnormal Red Cell Features Associated with Hereditary Neurodegenerative Disorders: The Neuroacanthocytosis Syndromes","volume":"21","author":"Bosman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_299","first-page":"127","article-title":"Erythrocyte Membrane in the Evaluation of Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"7","author":"Sadanand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Degener. Neurol. Neuromuscul. Dis."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(80)90010-6","article-title":"Specificity of Biophysical and Biochemical Alterations in Erythrocyte Membranes in Neurological Disorders\u2014Huntington\u2019s Disease, Friedreich\u2019s Ataxia, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Myotonic and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"47","author":"Butterfield","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000213253","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Cellular Aging: Membrane-Related Events as Clues to Primary Mechanisms","volume":"37","author":"Bosman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1166\/ajnn.2012.1039","article-title":"Glycolytic and Proteolytic Metabolism in Erythrocytes from Elderly and Demented Patients","volume":"4","author":"Kaminsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroprotec. Neuroregen."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1999.00506.x","article-title":"Peripheral Markers of Oxidative Stress in Probable Alzheimer Patients","volume":"29","author":"Repetto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2010.02.002","article-title":"Alterations of Plasma Magnesium, Copper, Zinc, Iron and Selenium Concentrations and Some Related Erythrocyte Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"24","author":"Vural","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Trace. Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_305","first-page":"d1007","article-title":"Oxidative Processes in the Brain and Non-Neuronal Tissues as Biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Gibson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198310273091717","article-title":"Elevation of Erythrocyte Countertransport Rates in Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia","volume":"309","author":"Diamond","year":"1983","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2003.01235.x","article-title":"Imbalance of Plasma Membrane Ion Leak and Pump Relationship as a New Aetiological Basis of Certain Disease States","volume":"254","author":"Ronquist","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.08.011","article-title":"Oxidative State in Platelets and Erythrocytes in Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"26","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbacli.2016.03.007","article-title":"Inflammation-Associated Changes in Lipid Composition and the Organization of the Erythrocyte Membrane","volume":"5","author":"Dinkla","year":"2016","journal-title":"BBA Clin."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6b00733","article-title":"AltitudeOmics: Red Blood Cell Metabolic Adaptation to High Altitude Hypoxia","volume":"15","author":"Nemkov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-74911-2_4","article-title":"Do Red Blood Cell-Beta-Amyloid Interactions Alter Oxygen Delivery in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease?","volume":"614","author":"Mohanty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-6374(89)90035-3","article-title":"Red Cell Oxygen Transport in Man in Relation to Gender and Age","volume":"47","author":"Humpeler","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(97)80310-7","article-title":"Erythrocyte Aging Characteristics in Elderly Individuals with Beginning Dementia","volume":"18","author":"Bosman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1134\/S1990750812030079","article-title":"Erythrocyte Antioxidants in Aging and Dementia","volume":"6","author":"Kosenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Mosc. Suppl. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2011.06.003","article-title":"Impaired Hypoxic Response in Senescent Mouse Brain","volume":"29","author":"Rabie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/00008506-200604000-00006","article-title":"Aging: Impact upon Local Cerebral Oxygenation and Blood Flow with Acute Isovolemic Hemodilution","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2020.10.009","article-title":"Decrease in Hemoglobin Level Predicts Increased Risk for Severe Respiratory Failure in COVID-19 Patients with Pneumonia","volume":"59","author":"Anai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Investig."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellmann-Weiler, R., Lanser, L., Barket, R., Rangger, L., Schapfl, A., Schaber, M., Fritsche, G., W\u00f6ll, E., and Weiss, G. (2020). Prevalence and Predictive Value of Anemia and Dysregulated Iron Homeostasis in Patients with COVID-19 Infection. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082429"},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.013","article-title":"Incidence of Thrombotic Complications in Critically Ill ICU Patients with COVID-19","volume":"191","author":"Klok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3109\/15412555.2012.758697","article-title":"Red Blood Cell Distribution and Survival in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"10","author":"Seyhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2174\/2666796701999201216101914","article-title":"Is COVID-19 a Systemic Disease?","volume":"2","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coronaviruses"},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2020.1770685","article-title":"Biomarkers Associated with COVID-19 Disease Progression","volume":"57","author":"Ponti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00536-9","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction and Immunothrombosis as Key Pathogenic Mechanisms in COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Bonaventura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.055","article-title":"Association of Inflammatory Markers with the Severity of COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"96","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218323","article-title":"Temple University COVID-19 Research Group Preliminary Predictive Criteria for COVID-19 Cytokine Storm","volume":"80","author":"Caricchio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1051-9","article-title":"An Inflammatory Cytokine Signature Predicts COVID-19 Severity and Survival","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2020.1764048","article-title":"Impact of Acute Inflammation on Band 3 Protein Anion Exchange Capability in Human Erythrocytes","volume":"128","author":"Morabito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1159\/000342229","article-title":"Red Blood Cell Clearance in Inflammation","volume":"39","author":"Straat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transfus Med. Hemother."},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2016.03.030","article-title":"Band 3, the Human Red Cell Chloride\/Bicarbonate Anion Exchanger (AE1, SLC4A1), in a Structural Context","volume":"1858","author":"Reithmeier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.023697","article-title":"The Dual Roles of Red Blood Cells in Tissue Oxygen Delivery: Oxygen Carriers and Regulators of Local Blood Flow","volume":"212","author":"Jensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pyle, C.J., Uwadiae, F.I., Swieboda, D.P., and Harker, J.A. (2017). Early IL-6 Signalling Promotes IL-27 Dependent Maturation of Regulatory T Cells in the Lungs and Resolution of Viral Immunopathology. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006640"},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32188","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32188","article-title":"Effects of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and IL-8 on Erythrocytes, Platelets and Clot Viscoelasticity","volume":"6","author":"Bester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(97)00210-6","article-title":"Oxidation of Erythrocyte Glutathione by Monocytes Stimulated with Interleukin-6. Analysis by 1H Spin Echo NMR","volume":"270","author":"Spickett","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(98)00082-5","article-title":"Erythrocyte Membrane Band 3 Profile Imposed by Cellular Aging, by Activated Neutrophils and by Neutrophilic Elastase","volume":"275","author":"Castro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6643333","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6643333","article-title":"Profiling Laboratory Biomarkers Associated with COVID-19 Disease Progression: A Single-Center Experience","volume":"2021","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2021.100727","article-title":"The Dynamics of Inflammatory Markers in Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Mahat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1746199","article-title":"Hypothesis for Potential Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection-a Review of Immune Changes in Patients with Viral Pneumonia","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_338","first-page":"317","article-title":"Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and C-Reactive Protein Measurements and Their Relevance in Clinical Medicine","volume":"115","author":"Bray","year":"2016","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16816","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016816","article-title":"Factors Influencing Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Adults: New Evidence for an Old Test","volume":"98","author":"Rey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V70.5.1572.1572","article-title":"Mechanism of Erythrocyte Aggregation and Sedimentation","volume":"70","author":"Fabry","year":"1987","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp021041","article-title":"Evidence That Cell Surface Charge Reduction Modifes Capillary Red Cell Velocity-Flux Relationships in Hamster Cremaster Muscle","volume":"489","author":"Vink","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00188","article-title":"Sodium Renders Endothelial Cells Sticky for Red Blood Cells","volume":"6","author":"Oberleithner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26-34","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181c98d21","article-title":"Inflammation and Coagulation","volume":"38","author":"Levi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01329","article-title":"Blood Rheology: Key Parameters, Impact on Blood Flow, Role in Sickle Cell Disease and Effects of Exercise","volume":"10","author":"Nader","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2399-x","article-title":"Pulse Oximetry","volume":"30","author":"Jubran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdez-Lowe, C., Ghareeb, S.A., and Artinian, N.T. (2009). Pulse Oximetry in Adults. Am. J. Nurs., 109.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000446-200906000-00036"},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/00002800-200611000-00004","article-title":"Pulse Oximetry Revisited: \u201cBut His O(2) Sat Was Normal!\u201d","volume":"20","author":"Clark","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Nurse Spec."},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faisal, H., Ali, S.T., Xu, J., Nisar, T., Sabawi, M., Salazar, E., and Masud, F.N. (2021). Carboxyhemoglobinemia in Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10122731"},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-05942-2","article-title":"Time-Dependent Recovery of Brain Hypometabolism in Neuro-COVID-19 Patients","volume":"50","author":"Martini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05215-4","article-title":"18F-FDG Brain PET Hypometabolism in Patients with Long COVID","volume":"48","author":"Guedj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05528-4","article-title":"Similar Patterns of [18F]-FDG Brain PET Hypometabolism in Paediatric and Adult Patients with Long COVID: A Paediatric Case Series","volume":"49","author":"Morand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005525","article-title":"Cerebral Hypoxia: Its Role in Age-Related Chronic and Acute Cognitive Dysfunction","volume":"132","author":"Snyder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-57642010DN40100003","article-title":"Cognition and Chronic Hypoxia in Pulmonary Diseases","volume":"4","author":"Kairalla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dement. Neuropsychol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5739\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:57:20Z","timestamp":1760122640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"references-count":353,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24065739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24065739","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]}}}