{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:44:01Z","timestamp":1790646241277,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tryptophan and kynurenine pathway is well-known to play an important role in nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, as well as in the development of inflammatory diseases. It has been documented that some kynurenine metabolites are considered to have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and\/or neuroprotective properties. Importantly, many of these kynurenine metabolites may possess immune-regulatory properties that could alleviate the inflammation response. The abnormal activation of the tryptophan and kynurenine pathway might be involved in the pathophysiological process of various immune-related diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and\/or polycystic ovary syndrome. Interestingly, kynurenine metabolites may be involved in the brain memory system and\/or intricate immunity via the modulation of glial function. In the further deliberation of this concept with engram, the roles of gut microbiota could lead to the development of remarkable treatments for the prevention of and\/or the therapeutics for various intractable immune-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T03:33:57Z","timestamp":1679024037000},"page":"5742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":153,"title":["The Tryptophan and Kynurenine Pathway Involved in the Development of Immune-Related Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ai","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women\u2019s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women\u2019s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayuri","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women\u2019s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurumi","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women\u2019s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Sawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women\u2019s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sae","family":"Morikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women\u2019s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moeka","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women\u2019s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Asai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women\u2019s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4274-5345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoru","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women\u2019s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.07.004","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Fine-Tunes Immune Homeostasis in Atherosclerosis and Colitis through Repression of Interleukin-10 Production","volume":"22","author":"Metghalchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.02.030","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolism and immune activation: Peripheral measurements in psychiatric and co-morbid conditions","volume":"112","author":"Strasser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.12.090","article-title":"Neopterin and kynurenine-tryptophan ratio as predictors of coronary events in older adults, the Hordaland Health Study","volume":"168","author":"Sulo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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