{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T15:20:22Z","timestamp":1769268022927,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]],"date-time":"2023-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myopia is becoming a leading cause of vision impairment. An effective intervention is needed. Lactoferrin (LF) is a protein that has been reported to inhibit myopia progression when taken orally. This study looked at the effects of different forms of LF, such as native LF and digested LF, on myopia in mice. Mice were given different forms of LF from 3 weeks of age, and myopia was induced with minus lenses from 4 weeks of age. Results showed that mice given digested LF or holo-LF had a less elongated axial length and thinned choroid, compared to those given native-LF. Gene expression analysis also showed that the groups given native-LF and its derivatives had lower levels of certain cytokines and growth factors associated with myopia. These results suggest that myopia can be more effectively suppressed by digested LF or holo-LF than native-LF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T04:33:31Z","timestamp":1679286811000},"page":"5815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Myopia Is Suppressed by Digested Lactoferrin or Holo-Lactoferrin Administration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shin-ichi","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8238-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junhan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2892-9810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuno","family":"Negishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8874-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuo","family":"Tsubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., 34 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5457-2720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshihide","family":"Kurihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/519276a","article-title":"The myopia boom","volume":"519","author":"Dolgin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.4009","article-title":"Association of Axial Length With Risk of Uncorrectable Visual Impairment for Europeans With Myopia","volume":"134","author":"Tideman","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957","article-title":"IMI\u2014Defining and Classifying Myopia: A Proposed Set of Standards for Clinical and Epidemiologic Studies","volume":"60","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. 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