{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:08:20Z","timestamp":1790690900861,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe COVID-19 infections present with cytokine storms, hypercoagulation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) being involved in coagulation and inflammation. This study aimed to determine whether coagulation profiles and EVs reflect COVID-19 disease severity. Thirty-six patients with symptomatic COVID-19 infection with mild\/moderate\/severe disease (12 in each group) were analyzed. Sixteen healthy individuals served as controls. Coagulation profiles and EV characteristics were tested by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), flow cytometry, and Western blot. While coagulation factors VII, V, VIII, and vWF were comparable, significant differences were found in patients\u2019 D-Dimer\/fibrinogen\/free protein S levels compared to controls. Severe patients\u2019 EVs displayed higher percentages of small EVs (&lt;150 nm) with increased expression of exosome marker CD63. Severe patients\u2019 EVs displayed high levels of platelet markers (CD41) and coagulation factors (tissue factor activity, endothelial protein C receptor). EVs of patients with moderate\/severe disease expressed significantly higher levels of immune cell markers (CD4\/CD8\/CD14) and contained higher levels of IL-6. We demonstrated that EVs, but not the coagulation profile, may serve as biomarkers for COVID-19 severity. EVs demonstrated elevated levels of immune- and vascular-related markers in patients with moderate\/severe disease, and may play a role in disease pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T04:48:01Z","timestamp":1679374081000},"page":"5918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Extracellular Vesicles of COVID-19 Patients Reflect Inflammation, Thrombogenicity, and Disease Severity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Anat","family":"Aharon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Research Laboratory, Hematology Department, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"},{"name":"The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayelet","family":"Dangot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Research Laboratory, Hematology Department, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"},{"name":"The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadi","family":"Kinaani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine F, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mor","family":"Zavaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Research Laboratory, Hematology Department, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"},{"name":"The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lian","family":"Bannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine F, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tali","family":"Bar-lev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Research Laboratory, Hematology Department, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anat","family":"Keren-Politansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coagulation Laboratory, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irit","family":"Avivi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"},{"name":"Hematology Department, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giris","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Medicine F, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"},{"name":"Recanati Center, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm4915","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"375","author":"Koelle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82492-x","article-title":"Risk factors analysis of COVID-19 patients with ARDS and prediction based on machine learning","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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