{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:47:55Z","timestamp":1787161675316,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of a myocardial infarction at a younger age is of special interest, considering the psychological and socioeconomic impact, as well as long-term morbidity and mortality. However, this group has a unique risk profile, with less traditional cardiovascular risk factors that are not well studied. This systematic review aims to evaluate traditional risk factors of myocardial infarction in the \u201cyoung\u201d, highlighting the clinical implications of lipoprotein (a). We performed a comprehensive search using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) standards; we systematically searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Science Direct Scopus databases, using the terms: \u201cmyocardial infarction\u201d, \u201cyoung\u201d, \u201clipoprotein (a)\u201d, \u201clow-density lipoprotein\u201d, \u201crisk factors\u201d. The search identified 334 articles which were screened, and, at the end, 9 original research articles regarding the implications of lipoprotein (a) in myocardial infarction in the \u201cyoung\u201d were included in the qualitative synthesis. Elevated lipoprotein (a) levels were independently associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease, especially in young patients, where this risk increased by threefold. Thus, it is recommended to measure the lipoprotein (a) levels in individuals with suspected familial hypercholesterolaemia or with premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and no other identifiable risk factors, in order to identify patients who might benefit from a more intensive therapeutic approach and follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T04:48:01Z","timestamp":1679374081000},"page":"5927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A Systematic Review on the Risk Modulators of Myocardial Infarction in the \u201cYoung\u201d\u2014Implications of Lipoprotein (a)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6439-4561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"St\u0103tescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, \u201dGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute \u201cProf. Dr. George I. M. Georgescu\u201d, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa","family":"Anghel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, \u201dGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute \u201cProf. Dr. George I. M. Georgescu\u201d, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura-C\u0103t\u0103lina","family":"Benchea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, \u201dGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute \u201cProf. Dr. George I. M. Georgescu\u201d, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7687-8624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan-Sorin","family":"Tudurachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, \u201dGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute \u201cProf. Dr. George I. M. Georgescu\u201d, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6775-0287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea","family":"Leonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute \u201cProf. Dr. George I. M. Georgescu\u201d, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Z\u0103voi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute \u201cProf. Dr. George I. M. Georgescu\u201d, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4053-4130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana M\u0103d\u0103lina","family":"Zota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, \u201dGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute \u201cProf. Dr. George I. M. Georgescu\u201d, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Prisacariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, \u201dGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute \u201cProf. Dr. George I. M. Georgescu\u201d, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodica","family":"Radu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, \u201dGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute \u201cProf. Dr. George I. M. Georgescu\u201d, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ionela-L\u0103cr\u0103mioara","family":"\u0218erban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radu Andy","family":"Sasc\u0103u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, \u201dGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute \u201cProf. Dr. George I. M. Georgescu\u201d, 700503 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac361","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: A European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement","volume":"43","author":"Kronenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Writing Committee, Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Morris, P.B., Ballantyne, C.M., Birtcher, K.K., Covington, A.M., DePalma, S.M., Minissian, M.B., Orringer, C.E., and Smith, S.C. (2022). 2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the role of nonstatin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: A report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. 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