{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:10:16Z","timestamp":1787771416345,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Gr\u00fcndungsoffensive Biotechnologie GO-Bio (Founding Initiative Biotechnology)","award":["16LW0128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16LW0128"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Implantologie (DGI)\u2014German Association of Oral Implantology Research Funding 2019","award":["16LW0128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16LW0128"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontitis is a chronic biofilm-associated inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting tissues that causes tooth loss. It is strongly associated with anaerobic bacterial colonization and represents a substantial global health burden. Due to a local hypoxic environment, tissue regeneration is impaired. Oxygen therapy has shown promising results as a potential treatment of periodontitis, but so far, local oxygen delivery remains a key technical challenge. An oxygen (O2)-releasing hyaluronic acid (HA)-based dispersion with a controlled oxygen delivery was developed. Cell viability of primary human fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and HUVECs was demonstrated, and biocompatibility was tested using a chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM assay). Suppression of anaerobic growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis was shown using the broth microdilution assay. In vitro assays showed that the O2-releasing HA was not cytotoxic towards human primary fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and HUVECs. In vivo, angiogenesis was enhanced in a CAM assay, although not to a statistically significant degree. Growth of P. gingivalis was inhibited by CaO2 concentrations higher than 256 mg\/L. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate the biocompatibility and selective antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis for the developed O2-releasing HA-based dispersion and the potential of O2-releasing biomaterials for periodontal tissue regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T06:56:48Z","timestamp":1679381808000},"page":"5936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Oxygen-Releasing Hyaluronic Acid-Based Dispersion with Controlled Oxygen Delivery for Enhanced Periodontal Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8259-3959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena Katharina","family":"M\u00fcller-Heupt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5661-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Wiesmann-Imilowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeck Str. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Gro\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8257-077X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo Cores","family":"Ziskoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Bani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-3764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peer Wolfgang","family":"K\u00e4mmerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eik","family":"Schiegnitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Eckelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WEE-Solve GmbH, Auf der Burg 6, 55130 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Eckelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WEE-Solve GmbH, Auf der Burg 6, 55130 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8936-3227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Ritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3266-4050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Till","family":"Opatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilal","family":"Al-Nawas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4259-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher V.","family":"Synatschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Deschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0721","article-title":"Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"89","author":"Papapanou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.18-0157","article-title":"A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions\u2014Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification","volume":"89","author":"Caton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.21-0111","article-title":"Economic burden of periodontitis in the United States and Europe: An updated estimation","volume":"93","author":"Botelho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12808","article-title":"Scientific evidence on the links between periodontal diseases and diabetes: Consensus report and guidelines of the joint workshop on periodontal diseases and diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation and the European Federation of Periodontology","volume":"45","author":"Sanz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13189","article-title":"Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: Consensus report","volume":"47","author":"Sanz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2013.03.011","article-title":"The osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs is mediated through MEK\/ERK and p38 MAPK signalling under hypoxia","volume":"58","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celik, D., and Kantarci, A. (2021). Vascular Changes and Hypoxia in Periodontal Disease as a Link to Systemic Complications. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101280"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2184.2012.00810.x","article-title":"Hypoxia induces apoptosis and autophagic cell death in human periodontal ligament cells through HIF-1\u03b1 pathway","volume":"45","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2013.1349","article-title":"Effects of hypoxia on the proliferation, mineralization and ultrastructure of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469.E1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.10.007","article-title":"Cellular, molecular, and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic force","volume":"129","author":"Krishnan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2016.160046","article-title":"Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy Reduces Saliva Adipokine and Matrix Metalloproteinase Levels in Periodontitis","volume":"87","author":"Serdar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butera, A., Gallo, S., Pascadopoli, M., Maiorani, C., Milone, A., Alovisi, M., and Scribante, A. (2022). Paraprobiotics in Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy: Clinical and Microbiological Aspects in a 6-Month Follow-Up Domiciliary Protocol for Oral Hygiene. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020337"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butera, A., Folini, E., Cosola, S., Russo, G., Scribante, A., Gallo, S., Stablum, G., Fabris, G.B.M., Covani, U., and Genovesi, A. (2023). Evaluation of the Efficacy of Probiotics Domiciliary Protocols for the Management of Periodontal Disease, in Adjunction of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy (NSPT): A Systematic Literature Review. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13010663"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gheisary, Z., Mahmood, R., Harri Shivanantham, A., Liu, J., Lieffers, J.R.L., Papagerakis, P., and Papagerakis, S. (2022). The Clinical, Microbiological, and Immunological Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14051036"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butera, A., Gallo, S., Pascadopoli, M., Taccardi, D., and Scribante, A. (2022). Home Oral Care of Periodontal Patients Using Antimicrobial Gel with Postbiotics, Lactoferrin, and Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder vs. Conventional Chlorhexidine Gel: A Split-Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial. Antibiotics, 1.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010118"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708666","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2021.708666","article-title":"Probiotics in the Management of Gingivitis and Periodontitis. A Review","volume":"2","author":"Schlagenhauf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Dent. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6562","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006562","article-title":"Hypoxia-regulated human periodontal ligament cells via Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"96","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1984.55.9.516","article-title":"Oxygen tension (pO2) in untreated human periodontal pockets","volume":"55","author":"Mettraux","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16627-0","article-title":"Investigation of multipotent postnatal stem cells from human periodontal ligament","volume":"364","author":"Seo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12953-019-0151-2","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of human periodontal ligament cells under hypoxia","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proteome Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Ruan, J., Weir, M.D., Ren, K., Schneider, A., Wang, P., Oates, T.W., Chang, X., and Xu, H.H.K. (2019). Periodontal Bone-Ligament-Cementum Regeneration via Scaffolds and Stem Cells. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8060537"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2010.0431","article-title":"Successful periodontal ligament regeneration by periodontal progenitor preseeding on natural tooth root surfaces","volume":"20","author":"Dangaria","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, H., Jeon, M., Choi, H.-J., Lee, H.-S., Kim, I.-H., Kang, C.-M., and Song, J.S. (2019). Decellularized human periodontal ligament for periodontium regeneration. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221236"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2006.02.007","article-title":"Hypoxia inhibits the growth, differentiation and bone-forming capacity of rat osteoblasts","volume":"312","author":"Utting","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"431","article-title":"Microbiological evaluation of the effects of hyperbaric oxygen on periodontal disease","volume":"30","author":"Signoretto","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burcea, A., Mihai, L.L., Bechir, A., Suciu, M., and Bechir, E.S. (2022). Clinical Assessment of the Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Efficacy in Mild to Moderate Periodontal Affections: A Simple Randomised Trial. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58020234"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.106880","article-title":"Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on aggressive periodontitis and subgingival anaerobes in Chinese patients","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"747","article-title":"Antiproliferative effect of topic hyaluronic acid gel. Study in gingival biopsies of patients with periodontal disease","volume":"17","author":"Mesa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.090128","article-title":"Local delivery of hyaluronan as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis","volume":"80","author":"Johannsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.145807","article-title":"Local delivery of hyaluronan 0.8% as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A clinical and microbiological study","volume":"19","author":"Polepalle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.8.1114","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological effects of topical subgingival application of hyaluronic acid gel adjunctive to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis","volume":"75","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.120269","article-title":"Hyaluronic Acid as an adjunct after scaling and root planing: A prospective randomized clinical trial","volume":"84","author":"Eick","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.111619","article-title":"Comparative analysis of hyaluronan gel and xanthan-based chlorhexidine gel, as adjunct to scaling and root planing with scaling and root planing alone in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A preliminary study","volume":"4","author":"Chauhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"ZC11","article-title":"Hyaluronic Acid as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in chronic periodontitis. A randomized clinical trail","volume":"8","author":"Rajan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.4502","article-title":"Oxygen Releasing Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering","volume":"62","author":"Alemdar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41427-019-0166-2","article-title":"Breathing life into engineered tissues using oxygen-releasing biomaterials","volume":"11","author":"Suvarnapathaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18458","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b01736","article-title":"Oxygen-Releasing Antioxidant Cryogel Scaffolds with Sustained Oxygen Delivery for Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"10","author":"Shiekh","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.111896","article-title":"Oxygen releasing materials: Towards addressing the hypoxia-related issues in tissue engineering","volume":"122","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34461","article-title":"Oxygen-releasing polycaprolactone\/calcium peroxide composite microspheres","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2008.09.006","article-title":"Fabrication of covered porous PLGA microspheres using hydrogen peroxide for controlled drug delivery and regenerative medicine","volume":"133","author":"Bae","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5149","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury","volume":"20","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1021\/am100862h","article-title":"Oxygen-generating nanofiber cell scaffolds with antimicrobial properties","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36879","article-title":"Regenerative engineered vascularized bone mediated by calcium peroxide","volume":"108","author":"Daneshmandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.01.032","article-title":"Structural and functional evaluation of oxygenating keratin\/silk fibroin scaffold and initial assessment of their potential for urethral tissue engineering","volume":"84","author":"Lv","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.014","article-title":"Periodate oxidized hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering applications","volume":"137","author":"Pandit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40006-w","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide-based products alter inflammatory and tissue damage-related proteins in the gingival crevicular fluid of healthy volunteers: A randomized trial","volume":"9","author":"Colares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"589","article-title":"Response of a primary human fibroblast cell line to H2O2: Senescence-like growth arrest or apoptosis?","volume":"8","author":"Bladier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell Growth Differ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102674","article-title":"Circular RNA HIPK3 downregulation mediates hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity in human osteoblasts","volume":"12","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.899730","article-title":"Inhibition of Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Aging by Allicin Depends on Sirtuin1 Activation","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00583-y","article-title":"When anaerobes encounter oxygen: Mechanisms of oxygen toxicity, tolerance and defence","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kommerein, N., Vierengel, N., Gro\u00df, J., Opatz, T., Al-Nawas, B., and M\u00fcller-Heupt, L.K. (2022). Antiplanktonic and antibiofilm activity of Rheum palmatum against Streptococcus oralis and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050965"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elashiry, M., Morandini, A.C., Cornelius Timothius, C.J., Ghaly, M., and Cutler, C.W. (2021). Selective Antimicrobial Therapies for Periodontitis: Win the \u201cBattle and the War\u201d. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126459"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0089-x","article-title":"The oral microbiota: Dynamic communities and host interactions","volume":"16","author":"Lamont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Heupt, L.K., Vierengel, N., Gro\u00df, J., Opatz, T., Deschner, J., and von Loewenich, F.D. (2022). Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus globulus, Azadirachta indica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Rheum palmatum extracts and Rhein against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020186"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5936\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:59:43Z","timestamp":1760122783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5936"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24065936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24065936","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]}}}