{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T01:22:47Z","timestamp":1788312167749,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","award":["E-26\/211.680\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/211.680\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","award":["E-26\/200.799\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.799\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","award":["E-26\/201.470-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/201.470-2021"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","award":["3075732011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3075732011"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","award":["3013322015-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3013322015-0"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","award":["301744\/2019-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301744\/2019-0"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","award":["315225\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315225\/2021-1"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/211.680\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/211.680\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/200.799\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.799\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/201.470-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/201.470-2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3075732011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3075732011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3013322015-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3013322015-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["301744\/2019-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301744\/2019-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["315225\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315225\/2021-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico, Brasil (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/211.680\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/211.680\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico, Brasil (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/200.799\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.799\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico, Brasil (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/201.470-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/201.470-2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico, Brasil (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3075732011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3075732011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico, Brasil (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3013322015-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3013322015-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico, Brasil (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["301744\/2019-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301744\/2019-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico, Brasil (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["315225\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315225\/2021-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico, Brasil (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior, Brazil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/211.680\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/211.680\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior, Brazil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/200.799\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.799\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior, Brazil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/201.470-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/201.470-2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior, Brazil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3075732011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3075732011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior, Brazil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3013322015-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3013322015-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior, Brazil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["301744\/2019-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301744\/2019-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior, Brazil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["315225\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315225\/2021-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior, Brazil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis represents a complex of diseases with a broad clinical spectrum and epidemiological diversity, considered a major public health problem. Although there is treatment, there are still no vaccines for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Because Leishmania spp. is an intracellular protozoan with several escape mechanisms, a vaccine must provoke cellular and humoral immune responses. Previously, we identified the Leishmania homolog of receptors for activated C kinase (LACK) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) proteins as strong immunogens and candidates for the development of a vaccine strategy. The present work focuses on the in silico prediction and characterization of antigenic epitopes that might interact with mice or human major histocompatibility complex class I. After immunogenicity prediction on the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) and the Database of MHC Ligands and Peptide Motifs (SYFPEITHI), 26 peptides were selected for interaction assays with infected mouse lymphocytes by flow cytometry and ELISpot. This strategy identified nine antigenic peptides (pL1-H2, pPL3-H2, pL10-HLA, pP13-H2, pP14-H2, pP15-H2, pP16-H2, pP17-H2, pP18-H2, pP26-HLA), which are strong candidates for developing a peptide vaccine against leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T07:09:31Z","timestamp":1679468971000},"page":"5972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A New Strategy for Mapping Epitopes of LACK and PEPCK Proteins of Leishmania amazonensis Specific for Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9907-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edlainne Pinheiro","family":"Ferreira-Sena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunomodula\u00e7\u00e3o e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daiana de Jesus","family":"Hardoim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunomodula\u00e7\u00e3o e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2026-1836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia de Oliveira","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunomodula\u00e7\u00e3o e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Ney","family":"d\u2019Escoffier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunomodula\u00e7\u00e3o e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabela Ferreira","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro Rangel da Silva","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Prote\u00ednas e Pept\u00eddeos, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico em Sa\u00fade, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Almir","family":"Angnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de S\u00edntese Qu\u00edmica, Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81350-010, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0909-7940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stenio Perdig\u00e3o","family":"Fragoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular e Sist\u00eamica de Tripanossomat\u00eddeos, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba 81350-010, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8703-426X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Roberto","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular e Doen\u00e7as End\u00eamicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2172-656X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore Giovanni","family":"De-Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)\/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niter\u00f3i 22040-036, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josu\u00e9 da Costa","family":"Lima-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro Luiz","family":"Bertho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Plataforma de Citometria, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7773-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Zaverucha-do-Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunomodula\u00e7\u00e3o e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9216-4306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franklin","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico em Sa\u00fade, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Biologia e Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Igua\u00e7u, Dom Rodrigo, Nova Igua\u00e7u, Rio de Janeiro 26275-580, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1884-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00e1tia da Silva","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunomodula\u00e7\u00e3o e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, November 17). WHO Leishmaniasis. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/leishmaniasis#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S146521","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in humans: Drug or vaccine therapy?","volume":"12","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zutshi, S., Kumar, S., Chauhan, P., Bansode, Y., Nair, A., Roy, S., Sarkar, A., and Saha, B. (2019). Anti-leishmanial vaccines: Assumptions, approaches, and annulments. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7040156"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652014000100001","article-title":"Review: Animal models for the study of leishmaniasis immunology","volume":"56","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soto, M., Ram\u00edrez, L., Solana, J.C., Cook, E.C.L., Hern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda, E., Requena, J.M., and Iborra, S. (2021). Inoculation of the Leishmania infantum hsp70-ii null mutant induces long-term protection against L. amazonensis infection in BALB\/c mice. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020363"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/08820130701360972","article-title":"Experimental Leishmania (L.) amazonensis leishmaniasis: Characterization and immunogenicity of subcellular fractions","volume":"36","author":"Valle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"de Paula, K.C. (2003). Identification of a Leishmania (L) amazonensis Antigen Associated with Protection against Leishmaniasis in a Murine Model. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brito, R., Ruiz, J., Cardoso, J., Ostolin, T., Reis, L., Mathias, F., Aguiar-Soares, R., Roatt, B., Corr\u00eaa-Oliveira, R., and Resende, D. (2020). Chimeric vaccines designed by immunoinformatics-activated polyfunctional and memory T cells that trigger protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020252"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vaccination in leishmaniasis: A review article","volume":"26","author":"Abdellahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brito, R.C.F., Guimar\u00e3es, F.G., Velloso, J.P.L., Corr\u00eaa-Oliveira, R., Ruiz, J.C., Reis, A.B., and Resende, D.M. (2017). Immunoinformatics features linked to Leishmania vaccine development: Data integration of experimental and in silico studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020371"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1493","article-title":"Immunization against Leishmania major infection in BALB\/c mice using a subunit-based DNA vaccine derived from TSA, LmSTI1, KMP11, and LACK predominant antigens","volume":"22","author":"Jajarmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10895","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67749-1","article-title":"A candidate multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"10","author":"Kar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96863-x","article-title":"Identification of vaccine targets in pathogens and design of a vaccine using computational approaches","volume":"11","author":"Rawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamrouni, S., Bras-Gon\u00e7alves, R., Kidar, A., Aoun, K., Chamakh-Ayari, R., Petitdidierid, E., Messaoudi, Y., Pagniez, J., Lemesre, J.L., and Meddeb-Garnaoui, A. (2020). Design of multi-epitope peptides containing hla class-i and class-ii-restricted epitopes derived from immunogenic Leishmania proteins, and evaluation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses induced in cured cutaneous leishmaniasis subjects. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008093"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"100","article-title":"A chimera containing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes of the Leishmania donovani nucleoside hydrolase (NH36) optimizes cross-protection against Leishmania amazonesis infection","volume":"8","author":"Nico","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00472","article-title":"Peptide-Based Vaccines: Current Progress and Future Challenges","volume":"120","author":"Malonis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"9749363","article-title":"Development of Peptide-Based Vaccines for Cancer","volume":"2022","author":"Poh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598160","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.598160","article-title":"Supramolecular Self-Assembled Peptide-Based Vaccines: Current State and Future Perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Abdullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forner, M., Ca\u00f1as-Arranz, R., Defaus, S., de Le\u00f3n, P., Rodr\u00edguez-Pulido, M., Ganges, L., Blanco, E., Sobrino, F., and Andreu, D. (2021). Peptide-Based Vaccines: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, a Paradigm in Animal Health. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050477"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apostolopoulos, V., Bojarska, J., Chai, T.T., Elnagdy, S., Kaczmarek, K., Matsoukas, J., New, R., Parang, K., Lopez, O.P., and Parhiz, H. (2021). A Global Review on Short Peptides: Frontiers and Perspectives. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020430"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayari-Riabi, S., Ben khalaf, N., Bouhaouala-Zahar, B., Verrier, B., Trimaille, T., Benlasfar, Z., Chenik, M., and Elayeb, M. (2022). Polylactide Nanoparticles as a Biodegradable Vaccine Adjuvant: A Study on Safety, Protective Immunity and Efficacy against Human Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania Major. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248677"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikeogu, N.M., Akaluka, G.N., Edechi, C.A., Salako, E.S., Onyilagha, C., Barazandeh, A.F., and Uzonna, J.E. (2020). Leishmania Immunity: Advancing Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8081201"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Leishmania major large RAB GTPase is highly immunogenic in individuals immune to cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"Chenik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01262","article-title":"Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome","volume":"420","author":"Genome","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bottomly, D., Walter, N.A.R., Hunter, J.E., Darakjian, P., Kawane, S., Buck, K.J., Searles, R.P., Mooney, M., McWeeney, S.K., and Hitzemann, R. (2011). Evaluating gene expression in C57BL\/6J and DBA\/2J mouse striatum using RNA-Seq and microarrays. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017820"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01763","article-title":"Identification of potential MHC Class-II-restricted epitopes derived from Leishmania donovani antigens by reverse vaccinology and evaluation of their CD4+ T-cell responsiveness against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Dikhit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2018.1459191","article-title":"Vaccine candidates against leishmania under current research","volume":"17","author":"Iborra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00467","article-title":"Post-Genomics and Vaccine Improvement for Leishmania","volume":"7","author":"Seyed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01986","article-title":"Modulation of Cytokines and Extracellular Matrix Proteins Expression by Leishmania amazonensis in Susceptible and Resistant Mice","volume":"11","author":"Cardoso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-8969-7_5","article-title":"Vaccines and Immunoinformatics for Vaccine Design","volume":"1368","author":"Joon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.21881","article-title":"Immunogenicity and immune modulatory effects of in silico predicted L. donovani candidate peptide vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Elfaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200800533","article-title":"Mining the Leishmania genome for novel antigens and vaccine candidates","volume":"9","author":"Dumonteil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02768.x","article-title":"Dichotomy of protective cellular immune responses to human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"140","author":"Khalil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes, T.M., Roma, E.H., Costal-Oliveira, F., Dhom-Lemos, L.D.C., Toledo-Machado, C.M., Bruna-Romero, O., Bartholomeu, D.C., Fujiwara, R.T., and Ch\u00e1vez-Ol\u00f3rtegui, C. (2017). Epitope mapping of recombinant Leishmania donovani virulence factor A2 (recLdVFA2) and canine leishmaniasis diagnosis using a derived synthetic bi-epitope. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005562"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1678998","article-title":"Vaccines for leishmaniasis and the implications of their development for American tegumentary leishmaniasis","volume":"16","author":"Duthie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.103953","article-title":"Identification of HLA-I restricted epitopes in six vaccine candidates of Leishmania tropica using immunoinformatics and molecular dynamics simulation approaches","volume":"75","author":"Akya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111671","article-title":"Host immune response against leishmaniasis and parasite persistence strategies: A review and assessment of recent research","volume":"139","author":"Elmahallawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2018.05.014","article-title":"MHCflurry: Open-Source Class I MHC Binding Affinity Prediction","volume":"7","author":"Rubinsteyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2019.1657426","article-title":"Immunoinformatics: In Silico Approaches and Computational Design of a Multi-epitope, Immunogenic Protein","volume":"38","author":"Bahrami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4233","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00553","article-title":"Computational Immune Proteomics Approach to Target COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"Tilocca","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, S., Deep, D.K., Gautam, P., Singh, R., and Salotra, P. (2021). Proteomic analysis of leishmania donovani membrane components reveals the role of activated protein C kinase in host-parasite interaction. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091194"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630009832","article-title":"Hypothesis A comprehensive analysis of LACK (Leishmania homologue of receptors for activated C kinase) in the context of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Sinha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.05.017","article-title":"Different epitopes of the LACK protein are recognized by V\u03b24 V\u03b18 CD4+ T cells in H-2b and H-2d mice susceptible to Leishmania major","volume":"9","author":"Launois","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32989","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.569434","article-title":"Gluconeogenesis in Leishmania mexicana: Contribution of glycerol kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and pyruvate phosphate dikinase","volume":"289","author":"Hamilton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310ra167","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aac5477","article-title":"Identification of broadly conserved cross-species protective Leishmania antigen and its responding CD4+ T cells","volume":"7","author":"Mou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00227-19","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00227-19","article-title":"Intradermal synthetic DNA vaccination generates leishmania-specific T cells in the skin and protection against leishmania major","volume":"87","author":"Louis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/35021239","article-title":"Vaccines against intracellular infections requiring cellular immunity","volume":"406","author":"Seder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.6.3525","article-title":"Leishmania Antigens Are Presented to CD8 T Cells by a Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing-Independent Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"177","author":"Bertholet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3468","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.728848","article-title":"The Paradox of a Phagosomal Lifestyle: How Innate Host Cell-Leishmania amazonensis Interactions Lead to a Progressive Chronic Disease","volume":"12","author":"Carneiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.2334","article-title":"Dynamic identification of H2 epitopes from Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis cysteine proteinase B with potential immune activity during murine infection","volume":"27","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Recognit."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2017.03.002","article-title":"Immuno-informatics based approaches to identify CD8+ T cell epitopes within the Leishmania donovani 3-ectonucleotidase in cured visceral leishmaniasis subjects","volume":"19","author":"Dikhit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00268","article-title":"Experimental validation of multi-epitope peptides including promising MHC class I- and II-restricted epitopes of four known Leishmania infantum proteins","volume":"5","author":"Agallou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.24994","article-title":"Exploring the unbinding of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis CPB derived-epitopes from H2 MHC class I proteins","volume":"84","author":"Brandt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proteins Struct. Funct. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"D783","article-title":"Allele frequency net database (AFND) 2020 update: Gold-standard data classification, open access genotype data and new query tools","volume":"48","author":"McCabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2022, November 19). H2 Haplotypes. Available online: http:\/\/www.informatics.jax.org\/downloads\/datasets\/misc\/H2Haplotypes\/H2_haplotypes.html#table3."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dst031","article-title":"The genome sequence of leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis: Functional annotation and extended analysis of gene models","volume":"20","author":"Real","year":"2013","journal-title":"DNA Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D339","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1006","article-title":"The Immune Epitope Database (IEDB): 2018 update","volume":"47","author":"Vita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00172063","article-title":"MHC ligands and peptide motifs: First listing","volume":"41","author":"Rammensee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W39","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv416","article-title":"The MEME Suite","volume":"43","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10881","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/16.22.10881","article-title":"Nucleic Acids Research Multiple sequence alignment with hierarchical clustering","volume":"16","author":"Corpet","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsen, M.V., Lundegaard, C., Lamberth, K., Buus, S., Lund, O., and Nielsen, M. (2007). Large-scale validation of methods for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope prediction. BMC Bioinform., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-424"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Gasteiger, E., Hoogland, C., Gattiker, A., Duvaud, S., Wilkins, M.R., Appel, R.D., and Bairoch, A. (2005). The Proteomics Protocols Handbook, Springer."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doytchinova, I.A., and Flower, D.R. (2007). VaxiJen: A server for prediction of protective antigens, tumour antigens and subunit vaccines. BMC Bioinform., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-4"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.08.029","article-title":"Development of an electrochemical immunosensor for the diagnostic testing of spotted fever using synthetic peptides","volume":"100","author":"Prado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5972\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:00:19Z","timestamp":1760122819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5972"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24065972"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24065972","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]}}}