{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:10:19Z","timestamp":1790669419445,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA062203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA062203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIAID DIR intramural funding","award":["P30CA062203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA062203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer testis antigens are ideal for tumor immunotherapy due to their testis-restricted expression. We previously showed that an immunotherapeutic vaccine targeting the germ cell-specific transcription factor BORIS (CTCFL) was highly effective in treating aggressive breast cancer in the 4T1 mouse model. Here, we further tested the therapeutic efficacy of BORIS in a rat 13762 breast cancer model. We generated a recombinant VEE-VRP (Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis-derived replicon particle) vector-expressing modified rat BORIS lacking a DNA-binding domain (VRP-mBORIS). Rats were inoculated with the 13762 cells, immunized with VRP-mBORIS 48 h later, and then, subsequently, boosted at 10-day intervals. The Kaplan\u2013Meier method was used for survival analysis. Cured rats were re-challenged with the same 13762 cells. We demonstrated that BORIS was expressed in a small population of the 13762 cells, called cancer stem cells. Treatment of rats with VRP-BORIS suppressed tumor growth leading to its complete disappearance in up to 50% of the rats and significantly improved their survival. This improvement was associated with the induction of BORIS-specific cellular immune responses measured by T-helper cell proliferation and INF\u03b3 secretion. The re-challenging of cured rats with the same 13762 cells indicated that the immune response prevented tumor growth. Thus, a therapeutic vaccine against rat BORIS showed high efficacy in treating the rat 13762 carcinoma. These data suggest that targeting BORIS can lead to the elimination of mammary tumors and cure animals even though BORIS expression is detected only in cancer stem cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T07:09:31Z","timestamp":1679468971000},"page":"5976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Therapeutic Vaccine Targeting Rat BORIS (CTCFL) for the Treatment of Rat Breast Cancer Tumors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Dmitri","family":"Loukinov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda Laust","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikayel","family":"Mkrtichyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anahit","family":"Ghochikyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3595-8273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Rivero-Hinojosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natera, Rockville, MD 20850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6665-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Lobanenkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Agadjanyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7887-032X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward L.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.3747\/co.27.5223","article-title":"A review of cancer immunotherapy: From the past, to the present, to the future","volume":"27","author":"Esfahani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. 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