{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T17:23:12Z","timestamp":1784568192382,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Huntington\u2019s disease (HD) is characterized by clinical motor impairment (e.g., involuntary movements, poor coordination, parkinsonism), cognitive deficits, and psychiatric symptoms. An inhered expansion of the CAG triplet in the huntingtin gene causing a pathogenic gain-of-function of the mutant huntingtin (mHTT) protein has been identified. In this review, we focus on known biomarkers (e.g., mHTT, neurofilament light chains) and on new biofluid biomarkers that can be quantified in plasma or peripheral blood mononuclear cells from mHTT carriers. Circulating biomarkers may fill current unmet needs in HD management: better stratification of patients amenable to etiologic treatment; the initiation of preventive treatment in premanifest HD; and the identification of peripheral pathogenic central nervous system cascades.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T04:37:28Z","timestamp":1679546248000},"page":"6051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Peripheral Biomarkers in Manifest and Premanifest Huntington\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0812-3481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Morena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Marconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selene","family":"Diamant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4839-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Buscarinu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2635-1699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianmarco","family":"Bellucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0499-8843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5565-6379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Scarabino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0501-8803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Salvetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Ristori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/306234a0","article-title":"A Polymorphic DNA Marker Genetically Linked to Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"306","author":"Gusella","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90138-8","article-title":"When More Is Less: Pathogenesis of Glutamine Repeat Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"15","author":"Ross","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90585-E","article-title":"A Novel Gene Containing a Trinucleotide Repeat That Is Expanded and Unstable on Huntington\u2019s Disease Chromosomes. 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