{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:44:39Z","timestamp":1777452279095,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PROGETTO PNRR THE-TUSCANY HEALTH ECOSYSTEM","award":["B63C22000680007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B63C22000680007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer, with poor prognosis. The tumor microenvironment is characterized by areas of hypoxia. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) is a marker of tumor hypoxia and its expression is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). CA-IX has been found to be highly expressed in invasive melanomas. In this study, we investigated the effects of hypoxia on the release of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in two melanoma in vitro models. We demonstrated that melanoma cells release sEVs under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, but only hypoxia-induced sEVs express CA-IX mRNA and protein. Moreover, we optimized an ELISA assay to provide evidence for CA-IX protein expression on the membranes of the sEVs. These CA-IX-positive sEVs may be exploited as potential biomarkers for liquid biopsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T03:50:21Z","timestamp":1679629821000},"page":"6122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["CA-IX-Expressing Small Extracellular Vesicles (sEVs) Are Released by Melanoma Cells under Hypoxia and in the Blood of Advanced Melanoma Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Venturella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2636-6443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Falsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7201-5741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Coppola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6643-1354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaia","family":"Giuntini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0771-042X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Carraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Zocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lonza Siena, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Chiesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exosomics SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9600-2486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Naldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via A. 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