{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:47:00Z","timestamp":1790646420634,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most prevalent cause of chronic liver disease (CLD). Currently, the only therapeutic recommendation available is a lifestyle change. However, adherence to this approach is often difficult to guarantee. Alteration of the microbiota and an increase in intestinal permeability seem to be key in the development and progression of NAFLD. Therefore, the manipulation of microbiota seems to provide a promising therapeutic strategy. One way to do so is through faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Here, we summarize the key aspects of FMT, detail its current indications and highlight the most recent advances in NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T03:50:21Z","timestamp":1679629821000},"page":"6123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Faecal Microbiota Transplantation, Paving the Way to Treat Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6276-7405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Del Barrio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Av. Valdecilla 25, 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2800-1692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Lav\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Agency Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Av. Valdecilla, 25, 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Santos-Laso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Av. Valdecilla 25, 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Arias-Loste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Av. Valdecilla 25, 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aitor","family":"Odriozola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Av. Valdecilla 25, 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Rodriguez-Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Av. Valdecilla 25, 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coral","family":"Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Av. Valdecilla 25, 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Iruzubieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Av. Valdecilla 25, 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8248-0172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Clinical and Translational Research in Digestive Diseases, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, Av. Valdecilla 25, 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.12.002","article-title":"2019 Global NAFLD Prevalence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1862-9088","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Global Burden","volume":"42","author":"Cabezas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.05.036","article-title":"Modeling NAFLD disease burden in China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States for the period 2016\u20132030","volume":"69","author":"Estes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), and European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) (2016). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J. Hepatol., 64, 1388\u20131402.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.11.004"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039","article-title":"A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement","volume":"73","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.012","article-title":"NAFLD: A multisystem disease","volume":"62","author":"Byrne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.04.034","article-title":"Fibrosis Severity as a Determinant of Cause-Specific Mortality in Patients with Advanced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Multi-National Cohort Study","volume":"155","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32499","article-title":"Are there outcome differences between NAFLD and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease?","volume":"76","author":"Younossi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30094","article-title":"Healthcare Cost and Utilization in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Real-World Data From a Large U.S. Claims Database","volume":"68","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.033","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease\u2014A global public health perspective","volume":"70","author":"Younossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24001","article-title":"Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The multiple parallel hits hypothesis","volume":"52","author":"Tilg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos-Laso, A., Guti\u00e9rrez-Larra\u00f1aga, M., Alonso-Pe\u00f1a, M., Medina, J.M., Iruzubieta, P., Arias-Loste, M.T., L\u00f3pez-Hoyos, M., and Crespo, J. (2022). Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: From Drivers to Targets. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010046"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.09.026","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying MAFLD","volume":"14","author":"Kuchay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00020-0","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A multisystem disease requiring a multidisciplinary and holistic approach","volume":"6","author":"Targher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530314666140714120744","article-title":"Structure and functions of the gut microbiome","volume":"14","author":"Guarner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord.\u2014Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160510","article-title":"Introduction to the human gut microbiota","volume":"474","author":"Thursby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01440-w","article-title":"Compositional alterations of gut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: A systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32002","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32002","article-title":"Altered Fecal Microbiota Correlates with Liver Biochemistry in Nonobese Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.06.028","article-title":"Microbiome Signatures Associated with Steatohepatitis and Moderate to Severe Fibrosis in Children with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"157","author":"Schwimmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28356","article-title":"The severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with gut dysbiosis and shift in the metabolic function of the gut microbiota","volume":"63","author":"Boursier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26093","article-title":"Characterization of gut microbiomes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients: A connection between endogenous alcohol and NASH","volume":"57","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.10.014","article-title":"Gut microbiome composition in lean patients with NASH is associated with liver damage independent of caloric intake: A prospective pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Duarte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.001","article-title":"Gut Microbiome-Based Metagenomic Signature for Non-invasive Detection of Advanced Fibrosis in Human Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"25","author":"Loomba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.146","article-title":"The Gordian Knot of dysbiosis, obesity and NAFLD","volume":"10","author":"Mehal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iruzubieta, P., Medina, J.M., Fern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez, R., Crespo, J., and De La Cruz, F. (2020). A Role for Gut Microbiome Fermentative Pathways in Fatty Liver Disease Progression. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051369"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.18-032","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathways of mechanisms","volume":"38","author":"Jasirwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci. Microbiota Food Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.08.018","article-title":"Fatty Liver Disease Caused by High-Alcohol-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"30","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22848","article-title":"Increased intestinal permeability and tight junction alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"49","author":"Miele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.08.005","article-title":"Microbiota-driven gut vascular barrier disruption is a prerequisite for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis development","volume":"71","author":"Mouries","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.01.058","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Gut-Liver Axis: Exploring an Undernutrition Perspective","volume":"162","author":"Bauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06929-0","article-title":"The gut microbiota in infants of obese mothers increases inflammation and susceptibility to NAFLD","volume":"9","author":"Soderborg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.04.016","article-title":"Rethinking healthy eating in light of the gut microbiome","volume":"30","author":"Armet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Losno, E., Sieferle, K., Perez-Cueto, F., and Ritz, C. (2021). Vegan Diet and the Gut Microbiota Composition in Healthy Adults. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072402"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab150","article-title":"Effect on gut microbiota of a 1-y lifestyle intervention with Mediterranean diet compared with energy-reduced Mediterranean diet and physical activity promotion: PREDIMED-Plus Study","volume":"114","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arag\u00f3n-Vela, J., Solis-Urra, P., Ruiz-Ojeda, F.J., \u00c1lvarez-Mercado, A.I., Olivares-Arancibia, J., and Plaza-Diaz, J. (2021). Impact of Exercise on Gut Microbiota in Obesity. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113999"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001278","article-title":"ACG Clinical Guidelines: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infections","volume":"116","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-07000-7","article-title":"Gut Dysbiosis Associated with Antibiotics and Disease Severity and Its Relation to Mortality in Critically Ill Patients","volume":"67","author":"Ojima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i12.1204","article-title":"Antibiotics, gut microbiota, and irritable bowel syndrome: What are the relations?","volume":"28","author":"Mamieva","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870402","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1870402","article-title":"Association between antibiotics and gut microbiome dysbiosis in children: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"McDonnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31248-4_9","article-title":"How to Manipulate the Microbiota: Prebiotics","volume":"902","author":"Louis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802866","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1802866","article-title":"Gut microbes from the phylogenetically diverse genus Eubacterium and their various contributions to gut health","volume":"12","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3692","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.7.3692-3700.2005","article-title":"pH and Peptide Supply Can Radically Alter Bacterial Populations and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Ratios within Microbial Communities from the Human Colon","volume":"71","author":"Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2016.12.003","article-title":"Revisi\u00f3n del papel de los probi\u00f3ticos en la patolog\u00eda gastrointestinal del adulto","volume":"40","author":"Domingo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0439-x","article-title":"The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics","volume":"25","author":"Suez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1906.06064","article-title":"Role of Probiotics in Human Gut Microbiome-Associated Diseases","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2019.07.005","article-title":"Design of synthetic microbial consortia for gut microbiota modulation","volume":"49","author":"Castellanos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01206","article-title":"Propionate-Producing Consortium Restores Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis in a Dynamic in vitro Model of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem","volume":"10","author":"Arroyo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31266-8","article-title":"The evolution of the use of faecal microbiota transplantation and emerging therapeutic indications","volume":"394","author":"Allegretti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313017","article-title":"European consensus conference on faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice","volume":"66","author":"Cammarota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620967898","article-title":"A standardised model for stool banking for faecal microbiota transplantation: A consensus report from a multidisciplinary UEG working group","volume":"9","author":"Keller","year":"2021","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319548","article-title":"International consensus conference on stool banking for faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice","volume":"68","author":"Cammarota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03615-x","article-title":"Establishing a donor stool bank for faecal microbiota transplantation: Methods and feasibility","volume":"38","author":"Rode","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2022, October 08). Important Safety Alert Regarding Use of Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation and Risk of Serious Ad-verse Reactions Due to Transmission of Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms|FDA, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/safety-availability-biologics\/important-safety-alert-regarding-use-fecal-microbiota-transplantation-and-risk-serious-adverse."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30082-0","article-title":"Screening of faecal microbiota transplant donors during the COVID-19 outbreak: Suggestions for urgent updates from an international expert panel","volume":"5","author":"Ianiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30089-3","article-title":"Screening faecal microbiota transplant donors for SARS-CoV-2 by molecular testing of stool is the safest way forward","volume":"5","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000405","article-title":"Donor Recruitment for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation","volume":"21","author":"Paramsothy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2021.04.009","article-title":"Donor program for fecal microbiota transplantation: A 3-year experience of a large-volume Italian stool bank","volume":"53","author":"Ianiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-021-01705-0","article-title":"A comprehensive approach to stool donor screening for faecal microbiota transplantation in China","volume":"20","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00002","article-title":"The Super-Donor Phenomenon in Fecal Microbiota Transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29306","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplant from a rational stool donor improves hepatic encephalopathy: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"66","author":"Bajaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2015.10.024","article-title":"Adverse events in faecal microbiota transplant: A review of the literature","volume":"92","author":"Baxter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab718","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA): 2021 Focused Update Guidelines on Management of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Adults","volume":"73","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.019","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Is Superior to Fidaxomicin for Treatment of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection","volume":"156","author":"Hvas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17077","article-title":"Effect of Oral Capsule- vs Colonoscopy-Delivered Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection","volume":"318","author":"Kao","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.07.045","article-title":"Outcomes of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection","volume":"159","author":"Allegretti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994834","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1994834","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent C. difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Experience of a large-volume European FMT center","volume":"13","author":"Ianiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojek, M., Jab\u0142o\u0144ska, A., and Adrych, K. (2021). The Role of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184055"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caldeira, L.D.F., Borba, H.H., Tonin, F.S., Wiens, A., Fernandez-Llimos, F., and Pontarolo, R. (2020). Fecal microbiota transplantation in inflammatory bowel disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238910"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03569-3","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation versus glucocorticoids for the induction of remission in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-021-01513-6","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of monotherapy with a single fresh fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent active ulcerative colitis: A prospective randomized pilot study","volume":"20","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-0792-5","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation to maintain remission in Crohn\u2019s disease: A pilot randomized controlled study","volume":"8","author":"Sokol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Mocanu, V., Cai, C., Dang, J., Slater, L., Deehan, E.C., Walter, J., and Madsen, K.L. (2019). Impact of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome\u2014A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102291"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2020.06.018","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation improves metabolic syndrome parameters: Systematic review with meta-analysis based on randomized clinical trials","volume":"83","author":"Allegretti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, E.W., Gao, L., Stastka, P., Cheney, M.C., Mahabamunuge, J., Soto, M.T., Ford, C.B., Bryant, J.A., Henn, M.R., and Hohmann, E.L. (2020). Fecal microbiota transplantation for the improvement of metabolism in obesity: The FMT-TRIM double-blind placebo-controlled pilot trial. PLoS Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003051"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-111717-122956","article-title":"Clinical Application and Potential of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation","volume":"70","author":"Ooijevaar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30690","article-title":"Fecal Microbial Transplant Capsules Are Safe in Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Phase 1, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"70","author":"Bajaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e133410","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.133410","article-title":"Microbial functional change is linked with clinical outcomes after capsular fecal transplant in cirrhosis","volume":"4","author":"Bajaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.010","article-title":"Management of bacterial and fungal infections in cirrhosis: The MDRO challenge","volume":"75","author":"Piano","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1639","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplant in Cirrhosis Reduces Gut Microbial Antibiotic Resistance Genes: Analysis of Two Trials","volume":"5","author":"Bajaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000115","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Pilot Clinical Trial","volume":"114","author":"Allegretti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31496","article-title":"A Randomized Clinical Trial of Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Alcohol Use Disorder","volume":"73","author":"Bajaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29008","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation induces hepatitis B virus e-antigen (HBeAg) clearance in patients with positive HBeAg after long-term antiviral therapy","volume":"65","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06246-x","article-title":"Shalimar Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Hepatitis B e Antigen-Positive Chronic Hepatitis B Patients: A Pilot Study","volume":"66","author":"Chauhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.033","article-title":"Long-term Outcomes of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients with Cirrhosis","volume":"156","author":"Bajaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2017.12.003","article-title":"Documento de consenso. Manejo de la enfermedad hep\u00e1tica grasa no alcoh\u00f3lica (EHGNA). Gu\u00eda de pr\u00e1ctica cl\u00ednica","volume":"41","author":"Aller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.11.051","article-title":"AGA Clinical Practice Update on Lifestyle Modification Using Diet and Exercise to Achieve Weight Loss in the Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Expert Review","volume":"160","author":"Younossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23276","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial testing the effects of weight loss on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"51","author":"Promrat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.04.005","article-title":"Weight Loss Through Lifestyle Modification Significantly Reduces Features of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"149","author":"Friedman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.016","article-title":"Treatment of NAFLD with diet, physical activity and exercise","volume":"67","author":"Trenell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15367","article-title":"Effects of probiotic and prebiotic supplementation on metabolic parameters, liver aminotransferases, and systemic inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"85","author":"Behrouz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld.2014.1121.271.kby","article-title":"A Multi-strain Probiotic Reduces the Fatty Liver Index, Cytokines and Aminotransferase levels in NAFLD Patients: Evidence from a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"27","author":"Kobyliak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nor, M.H.M., Ayob, N., Mokhtar, N.M., Ali, R.A.R., Tan, G.C., Wong, Z., Shafiee, N.H., Wong, Y.P., Mustangin, M., and Nawawi, K.N.M. (2021). The Effect of Probiotics (MCP\u00ae BCMC\u00ae Strains) on Hepatic Steatosis, Small Intestinal Mucosal Immune Function, and Intestinal Barrier in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093192"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.031","article-title":"Synbiotics Alter Fecal Microbiomes, But Not Liver Fat or Fibrosis, in a Randomized Trial of Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"158","author":"Scorletti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinheiro, I., Barber\u00e1, A., Raurell, I., Estrella, F., de Leeuw, M., Bolca, S., Gottardi, D., Horscroft, N., Possemiers, S., and Salcedo, M.T. (2022). A Nine-Strain Bacterial Consortium Improves Portal Hypertension and Insulin Signaling and Delays NAFLD Progression In Vivo. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10051191"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0061-3","article-title":"Molecular phenomics and metagenomics of hepatic steatosis in non-diabetic obese women","volume":"24","author":"Hoyles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01751-y","article-title":"Total fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates high-fat diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice via beneficial regulation of gut microbiota","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792256","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1792256","article-title":"Modifying macronutrients is superior to microbiome transplantation in treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Mitsinikos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"1485","article-title":"Restoration of a healthy intestinal microbiota normalizes portal hypertension in a rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"67","author":"Raurell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000661","article-title":"Allogenic Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Improves Abnormal Small Intestinal Permeability: A Randomized Control Trial","volume":"115","author":"Craven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1601","article-title":"Donor Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Alters Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Obese Individuals with Steatohepatitis","volume":"4","author":"Witjes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759306","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.759306","article-title":"Effect of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"12","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"(2022, October 26). Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease\u2014Full Text View\u2014ClinicalTrials.Gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03648086?term=microbiota+transplantation&cond=nafld&draw=2&rank=1."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"(2022, October 26). The Effect of Consecutive Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)\u2014Full Text View\u2014ClinicalTrials.Gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04465032?term=microbiota+transplantation&cond=nafld&draw=2&rank=2."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"(2022, October 26). Effects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Weight in Obese Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease\u2014Full Text View\u2014ClinicalTrials.Gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04594954?term=microbiota+transplantation&cond=nafld&draw=2&rank=3."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis(NASH) (2022, October 26). A Pilot Study\u2014Full Text View\u2014ClinicalTrials.Gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02469272?term=microbiota+transplantation&cond=nafld&draw=2&rank=4."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"(2022, October 26). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis\u2014Full Text View\u2014ClinicalTrials.Gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03803540?term=microbiota+transplantation&cond=nafld&draw=2&rank=5."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"(2022, October 26). A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study to Characterize the Intestinal Microbiome and to Evaluate the Safety and Fecal Microbiome Changes Following Administration of Lyophilized PRIM-DJ2727 or Placebo Given Orally in Subjects with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease\u2014Full Text View\u2014ClinicalTrials.Gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04371653?term=microbiota+transplantation&cond=nafld&draw=2&rank=6."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"(2022, October 26). Fecal Microbiota Therapy versus Standard Therapy in NASH Related Cirrhosis\u2014Full Text View\u2014Clini-calTrials.Gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02721264?term=microbiota+transplantation&cond=nafld&draw=2&rank=7."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"(2022, October 26). Transplantation of Microbes for Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome & NAFLD\u2014Full Text View\u2014Clinical-Trials.Gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02496390?term=microbiota+transplantation&cond=nafld&draw=2&rank=8."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"(2023, February 05). Ensayos Cl\u00ednicos Sobre Pacientes Con Esteatohepatitis No Alcoh\u00f3lica: Grupo 1 o Grupo Experimental, Grupo 2 o Grupo de Control\u2014Registro de Ensayos Cl\u00ednicos\u2014ICH GCP. Available online: https:\/\/ichgcp.net\/es\/clinical-trials-registry\/NCT05622526."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo2366","article-title":"Local barriers configure systemic communications between the host and microbiota","volume":"376","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-018-0541-8","article-title":"Microbiota transplantation: Concept, methodology and strategy for its modernization","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00441-5","article-title":"Recipient factors in faecal microbiota transplantation: One stool does not fit all","volume":"18","author":"Danne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/7\/6123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:02:01Z","timestamp":1760122921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/7\/6123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24076123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24076123","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]}}}