{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:22:58Z","timestamp":1790288578023,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]],"date-time":"2023-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81402629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81402629"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JK20211A040601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JK20211A040601"]}]},{"name":"Comprehensive Research Program","award":["81402629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81402629"]}]},{"name":"Comprehensive Research Program","award":["JK20211A040601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JK20211A040601"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electromagnetic waves are widely used in both military and civilian fields, which could cause long-term and high-power exposure to certain populations and may pose a health hazard. The aim of this study was to simulate the long-term and high-power working environment of workers using special electromagnetic radiation occupations to clarify the radiation-induced stress response and cardiac damage and thus gain insights into the mechanisms of injuries caused by electromagnetic radiation. In this study, the combination of microwave and stress was an innovative point, aiming to broaden the research direction with regard to the effect and mechanism of cardiac injury caused by radiation. The myocardial structure was observed by optical and transmission electron microscope, mitochondrial function was detected by flow cytometry, oxidative-stress markers were detected by microplate reader, serum stress hormone was detected by radioimmunoassay, and heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed by multichannel-physiological recorder. The rats were weighed and subjected to an open field experiment. Western blot (WB) and immunofluorescence (IF) were used to detect the expressions and distributions of JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), p-JNK (phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase), HSF1 (heat shock factor), and NFATc4 (nuclear factor of activated T-cell 4). This study found that radiation could lead to the disorganization, fragmentation, and dissolution of myocardial fibers, severe mitochondrial cavitation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative-stress injury in myocardium, increase to stress hormone in serum, significant changes in HRV, and a slow gain in weight. The open field experiment indicated that the rats experienced anxiety and depression and had decreased exercise capacity after radiation. The expressions of JNK, p-JNK, HSF1, and NFATc4 in myocardial tissue were all increased. The above results suggested that 30 mW\/cm2 of S-band microwave radiation for 35 min could cause both physiological and psychological stress damage in rats; the damage was related to the activation of the JNK pathway, which provided new ideas for research on protection from radiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T04:05:40Z","timestamp":1679889940000},"page":"6237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Physiological and Psychological Stress of Microwave Radiation-Induced Cardiac Injury in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0230-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dayan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binwei","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiyun","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.02.036","article-title":"Comparison of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure levels in different everyday microenvironments in an international context","volume":"114","author":"Sagar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109445","article-title":"Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS, microwave syndrome)\u2014Review of mechanisms","volume":"186","author":"Stein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2018-0017","article-title":"A novel database of bio-effects from non-ionizing radiation","volume":"33","author":"Leach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.01.019","article-title":"Exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields activates the mkp-1\/ERK pathway and causes blood-brain barrier damage and cognitive impairment in rats","volume":"1601","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931054","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.931054","article-title":"Case report: Changes in the levels of stress hormones during Takotsubo syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Ruiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-022-03269-5","article-title":"Chronic Psychological Stress Disrupts Iron Metabolism and Enhances Hepatic Mitochondrial Function in Mice","volume":"201","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Element Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.05.064","article-title":"Behavioral, inflammatory and neurochemical disturbances in LPS and UCMS-induced mouse models of depression","volume":"364","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-017-9417-6","article-title":"Mst1 regulates colorectal cancer stress response via inhibiting Bnip3-related mitophagy by activation of JNK\/p53 pathway","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-003-0399-6","article-title":"Involvement of p38 MAPK and JNK in heat stress-induced cardioprotection","volume":"98","author":"Pantos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6922","article-title":"JNK signaling is required for the MIP-1\u03b1-associated regulation of Kupffer cells in the heat stroke response","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"222","article-title":"Effect of heat shock factor 1 on airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation in mice with allergic asthma","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3892","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.11.3892-3904.2002","article-title":"Phosphorylation of NFATc4 by p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.113985","article-title":"Effects of chronic mild stress on GABAergic system in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus associated with cardiac autonomic activity","volume":"432","author":"Bangsumruaj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.11.009","article-title":"Sympathoadrenal balance and physiological stress response in cattle at spontaneous and PGF 2\u03b1 -induced calving","volume":"85","author":"Nagel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8999899","article-title":"Hsp72-Based Effect and Mechanism of Microwave Radiation-Induced Cardiac Injury in Rats","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12522","article-title":"Tropisetron inhibits high glucose-induced calcineurin\/NFAT hypertrophic pathway in H9c2 myocardial cells","volume":"68","author":"Asadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7145415","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3985697","article-title":"Abnormal Expression of Connexin43 in Cardiac Injury Induced by S-Band and X-Band Microwave Exposure in Rats","volume":"2021","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"367","article-title":"[The protective effects of Aduola Fuzhenglin on the heart injury induced by microwave exposure in rats]","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhonghua lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi = Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi = Chin. J. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000544","article-title":"Psychological Stress and Mitochondria: A Conceptual Framework","volume":"80","author":"Picard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120834","article-title":"Assessment of mitochondrial dysfunction and implications in cardiovascular disorders","volume":"306","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00240046","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular aging","volume":"160\u2013161","author":"Muscari","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmr037","article-title":"Functional state of rat cardiomyocytes and blood antioxidant system under psycho-emotional stress","volume":"43","author":"Kuchukashvili","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026947","article-title":"Evaluative threat and ambulatory blood pressure: Cardiovascular effects of social stress in daily experience","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"571","article-title":"Concerns regarding hair cortisol as a biomarker of chronic stress in exercise and sport science","volume":"11","author":"Gerber","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00386-9","article-title":"Neuronal activity and stress differentially regulate hippocampal and hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone expression in the immature rat","volume":"101","author":"Hatalski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"207","article-title":"Body weight gain and diurnal differences of corticosterone changes in response to acute and chronic stress in rats","volume":"28","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.103.1.70","article-title":"Antipredator defensive behaviors in a visible burrow system","volume":"103","author":"Blanchard","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2005.09.021","article-title":"Neural modulation of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death","volume":"3","author":"Zipes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hear. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.10.014","article-title":"Trait hostility and cortisol sensitivity following a stressor: The moderating role of stress-induced heart rate variability","volume":"75","author":"Murdock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-016-9346-9","article-title":"Effects of Mental Stress Induction on Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Panic Disorder","volume":"42","author":"Petrowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-015-0060-8","article-title":"Interaction with indoor plants may reduce psychological and physiological stress by suppressing autonomic nervous system activity in young adults: A randomized crossover study","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Anthr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002136","article-title":"Fluid Loss during Exercise-Heat Stress Reduces Cardiac Vagal Autonomic Modulation","volume":"52","author":"Macartney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.05.018","article-title":"Chronic restraint stress causes anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, downregulates glucocorticoid receptor expression, and attenuates glutamate release induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"39","author":"Chiba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10761","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27750","article-title":"Calpain-2 protects against heat stress-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and heart dysfunction by blocking p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation","volume":"234","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2012.11.006","article-title":"Syndecan-4 signaling via NFAT regulates extracellular matrix production and cardiac myofibroblast differentiation in response to mechanical stress","volume":"54","author":"Herum","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9143","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO01406H","article-title":"Zinc supplementation prior to heat shock enhances HSP70 synthesis through HSF1 phosphorylation at serine 326 in human peripheral mononuclear cells","volume":"13","author":"Rink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/7\/6237\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:03:15Z","timestamp":1760122995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/7\/6237"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24076237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24076237","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]}}}