{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T19:12:48Z","timestamp":1773256368833,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Region Bourgogne Franche Comt\u00e9 (Project HumanIskin)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skin is a major administration route for drugs, and all transdermal formulations must be tested for their capability to overcome the cutaneous barrier. Therefore, developing highly reliable skin models is crucial for preclinical studies. The current in vitro models are unable to replicate the living skin in all its complexity; thus, to date, excised human skin is considered the gold standard for in vitro permeation studies. However, skin explants have a limited life span. In an attempt to overcome this problem, we used an innovative bioreactor that allowed us to achieve good structural and functional preservation in vitro of explanted human skin for up to 72 h. This device was then used to set up an in vitro inflammatory model by applying two distinct agents mimicking either exogenous or endogenous stimuli: i.e., dithranol, inducing the contact dermatitis phenotype, and the substance P, mimicking neurogenic inflammation. Our in vitro system proved to reproduce inflammatory events observed in vivo, such as vasodilation, increased number of macrophages and mast cells, and increased cytokine secretion. This bioreactor-based system may therefore be suitably and reliably used to simulate in vitro human skin inflammation and may be foreseen as a promising tool to test the efficacy of drugs and cosmetics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T06:46:19Z","timestamp":1679899579000},"page":"6284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An Innovative Fluid Dynamic System to Model Inflammation in Human Skin Explants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8473-9918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Galvan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrica","family":"Cappellozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4318-974X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yann","family":"Pellequer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PEPITE EA4267, Universit\u00e9 Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edoardo Dalla","family":"Pozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Verona University Hospital (A.O.U.I. Verona), 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Vigato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Verona University Hospital (A.O.U.I. Verona), 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8196-9232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Malatesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8470-3058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Calderan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2012.01460.x","article-title":"Skin biology","volume":"24","author":"Hwa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatol. 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