{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:29:13Z","timestamp":1791876553486,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The term \u201cneurodegenerative diseases\u201d (NDs) identifies a group of heterogeneous diseases characterized by progressive loss of selectively vulnerable populations of neurons, which progressively deteriorates over time, leading to neuronal dysfunction. Protein aggregation and neuronal loss have been considered the most characteristic hallmarks of NDs, but growing evidence confirms that significant dysregulation of innate immune pathways plays a crucial role as well. NDs vary from multiple sclerosis, in which the autoimmune inflammatory component is predominant, to more \u201cclassical\u201d NDs, such as Parkinson\u2019s disease, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and spinal muscular atrophy. Of interest, many of the clinical differences reported in NDs seem to be closely linked to sex, which may be justified by the significant changes in immune mechanisms between affected females and males. In this review, we examined some of the most studied NDs by looking at their pathogenic and phenotypical features to highlight sex-related discrepancies, if any, with particular interest in the individuals\u2019 responses to treatment. We believe that pointing out these differences in clinical practice may help achieve more successful precision and personalized care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T04:37:15Z","timestamp":1679978235000},"page":"6354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Sex and Gender Differences in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Challenges for Therapeutic Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Bianco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Bari Unit, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ylenia","family":"Antonacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Bari Unit, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4338-0392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Liguori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Bari Unit, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(00)00138-X","article-title":"Inflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A View from the Periphery","volume":"21","author":"Raine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurobiol. 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