{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:02:06Z","timestamp":1790107326370,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS)","award":["J3-2518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J3-2518"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS)","award":["P4-0127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P4-0127"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS)","award":["P3-0298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P3-0298"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS)","award":["L3-3176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L3-3176"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS)","award":["J3-1749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J3-1749"]}]},{"name":"University of Ljubljana\u201d","award":["J3-2518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J3-2518"]}]},{"name":"University of Ljubljana\u201d","award":["P4-0127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P4-0127"]}]},{"name":"University of Ljubljana\u201d","award":["P3-0298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P3-0298"]}]},{"name":"University of Ljubljana\u201d","award":["L3-3176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L3-3176"]}]},{"name":"University of Ljubljana\u201d","award":["J3-1749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J3-1749"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ten percent of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) require revision surgery. One of the reasons for THA are wear particles released from the implants that can activate the immune defense and cause osteolysis and failure of the joint implant. The discrepancies between reports on toxicity and immunogenicity of the implant materials led us to this study in which we compared toxicity and immunogenicity of well-defined nanoparticles from Al2O3, zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA), and cobalt chrome (CoCr), a human THP-1 macrophage cell line, human PBMCs, and therefrom-derived primary macrophages. None of the tested materials decreased the viability of THP-1 macrophages nor human primary macrophages at the 24 h time point, indicating that at concentrations from 0.05 to 50 \u00b5m3\/cell the tested materials are non-toxic. Forty-eight hours of treatment of THP-1 macrophages with 5 \u00b5m3\/cell of CoCr and Al2O3 caused 8.3-fold and 4.6-fold increases in TNF-\u03b1 excretion, respectively, which was not observed for ZTA. The comparison between THP-1 macrophages and human primary macrophages revealed that THP-1 macrophages show higher activation of cytokine expression in the presence of CoCr and Al2O3 particles than primary macrophages. Our results indicate that ZTA is a non-toxic implant material with no immunogenic effects in vitro.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T03:17:35Z","timestamp":1680146255000},"page":"6482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Zirconia-Toughened Alumina Ceramic Wear Particles Do Not Elicit Inflammatory Responses in Human Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1348-940X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro Alan","family":"Porporati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Products Division, CeramTec GmbH, 73207 Plochingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"M\u00f6dinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Products Division, CeramTec GmbH, 73207 Plochingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8490-6579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizintechnik, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Polaj\u017eer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Mettang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Products Division, CeramTec GmbH, 73207 Plochingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Deisinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Products Division, CeramTec GmbH, 73207 Plochingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matejka","family":"Podlogar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1075-3351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rihard","family":"Treb\u0161e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valdoltra Orthopaedic Hospital, 6280 Ankaran, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nika","family":"Lov\u0161in","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"144","article-title":"Future clinical and economic impact of revision total hip and knee arthroplasty","volume":"89","author":"Kurtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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