{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T12:51:31Z","timestamp":1767703891873,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia and Merck Healthcare Pty. Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease in which the immune system damages components of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to the destruction of myelin and the formation of demyelinating plaques. This often occurs in episodic \u201cattacks\u201d precipitated by the transmigration of leukocytes across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and repeated episodes of demyelination lead to substantial losses of axons within and removed from plaques, ultimately leading to progressive neurological dysfunction. Within leukocyte populations, macrophages and T and B lymphocytes are the predominant effectors. Among current immunotherapies, oral cladribine\u2019s impact on lymphocytes is well characterised, but little is known about its impact on other leukocytes such as monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). The aim of this study was to determine the transmigratory ability of monocyte and DC subsets in healthy subjects and untreated and cladribine-treated relapse-remitting MS (RRMS) patients using a well-characterised model of the BBB. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects were added to an in vitro transmigration assay to assess cell migration. Our findings show that while prior treatment with oral cladribine inhibits the migration of intermediate monocytes, it has no impact on the transmigration of DC subsets. Overall, our data indicate a previously unrecognised role of cladribine on intermediate monocytes, known to accumulate in the brain active MS lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T04:45:35Z","timestamp":1680151535000},"page":"6487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Oral Cladribine Impairs Intermediate, but Not Conventional, Monocyte Transmigration in Multiple Sclerosis Patients across a Model Blood-Brain Barrier"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Linda Y.","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6117-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Juillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Hawke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Central West Neurology and Neurosurgery, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6839-7628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Marsh-Wakefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Liver Injury and Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Human Cancer and Viral Immunology Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0442-0462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georges E.","family":"Grau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-7915(92)90058-M","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disease of multifactorial etiology","volume":"4","author":"Bernard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr. 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