{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T13:33:18Z","timestamp":1768743198485,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":273,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research under the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI)","award":["17H04341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H04341"]}]},{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research under the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI)","award":["20K08829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K08829"]}]},{"name":"Nihon University Research Grant for 2022","award":["17H04341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H04341"]}]},{"name":"Nihon University Research Grant for 2022","award":["20K08829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K08829"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-\u03b21) is a pleiotropic growth factor playing various roles in the human body including cell growth and development. More functions of TGF-\u03b21 have been discovered, especially its roles in viral infection. TGF-\u03b21 is abundant at the maternal\u2013fetal interface during pregnancy and plays an important function in immune tolerance, an essential key factor for pregnancy success. It plays some critical roles in viral infection in pregnancy, such as its effects on the infection and replication of human cytomegalovirus in syncytiotrophoblasts. Interestingly, its role in the enhancement of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and replication in first-trimester trophoblasts has recently been reported. The above up-to-date findings have opened one of the promising approaches to studying the mechanisms of viral infection during pregnancy with links to corresponding congenital syndromes. In this article, we review our current and recent advances in understanding the roles of TGF-\u03b21 in viral infection. Our discussion focuses on viral infection during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. We highlight the mutual roles of viral infection and TGF-\u03b21 in specific contexts and possible functions of the Smad pathway in viral infection, with a special note on ZIKV infection. In addition, we discuss promising approaches to performing further studies on this topic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T04:45:35Z","timestamp":1680151535000},"page":"6489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Roles of TGF-\u03b21 in Viral Infection during Pregnancy: Research Update and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5610-1570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quang Duy","family":"Trinh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ngan Thi Kim","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9826-0243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhide","family":"Takada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ushijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9417-0315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shihoko","family":"Komine-Aizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1022-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Hayakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13102","article-title":"Introduction to the immunology of pregnancy","volume":"308","author":"Mor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy030","article-title":"Placental formation in early pregnancy: How is the centre of the placenta made?","volume":"24","author":"Boss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572567","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.572567","article-title":"Innate immune responses to acute viral infection during pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Cornish","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01672","article-title":"Pregnancy, viral infection, and COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Alberca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI87490","article-title":"Risks associated with viral infections during pregnancy","volume":"127","author":"Racicot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12355","article-title":"Viral infections during pregnancy","volume":"73","author":"Silasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2022.07.010","article-title":"Restriction of SARS-CoV-2 replication in the human placenta","volume":"127","author":"Takada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.07.022","article-title":"Placental barrier against COVID-19","volume":"99","author":"Takada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"687","article-title":"Rubella virus","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Knipe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fields Virology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1781","article-title":"Teratogen update: Zika virus and pregnancy","volume":"112","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1587","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616097114","article-title":"Vulnerability of primitive human placental trophoblast to zika virus","volume":"114","author":"Sheridan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.07.060","article-title":"Human trophoblasts confer resistance to viruses implicated in perinatal infection","volume":"212","author":"Bayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, N.T.K., Trinh, Q.D., Takada, K., Komine-Aizawa, S., and Hayakawa, S. (2022). Low susceptibility of rubella virus in first-trimester trophoblast cell lines. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061169"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203425","article-title":"Embryonic trophoblasts induce decidual regulatory t cell differentiation and maternal\u2013fetal tolerance through thymic stromal lymphopoietin instructing dendritic cells","volume":"192","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2011.01056.x","article-title":"Modulation and recruitment of inducible regulatory t cells by first trimester trophoblast cells","volume":"67","author":"Ramhorst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689181","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.689181","article-title":"Role of transforming growth factor-beta1 in regulating fetal-maternal immune tolerance in normal and pathological pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod46.4.561","article-title":"Localization of transforming growth factor-beta at the human fetal-maternal interface: Role in trophoblast growth and differentiation","volume":"46","author":"Graham","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2009.05.003","article-title":"The essential roles of tgfb1 in reproduction","volume":"20","author":"Ingman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.01112","article-title":"Dual effect of transforming growth factor beta1 on cell adhesion and invasion in human placenta trophoblast cells","volume":"132","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, N.T.K., Trinh, Q.D., Takada, K., Takano, C., Sasano, M., Okitsu, S., Ushijima, H., Komine-Aizawa, S., and Hayakawa, S. (2021). The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-like process induced by tgf-beta1 enhances rubella virus binding and infection in a549 cells via the smad pathway. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030662"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.77","article-title":"Epithelial-derived tgf-beta1 acts as a pro-viral factor in the lung during influenza a infection","volume":"11","author":"Denney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11448","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00678-11","article-title":"Adaptive and innate transforming growth factor beta signaling impact herpes simplex virus 1 latency and reactivation","volume":"85","author":"Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30929","article-title":"Blockade of transforming growth factor-beta signaling enhances oncolytic herpes simplex virus efficacy in patient-derived recurrent glioblastoma models","volume":"141","author":"Esaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.02110.x","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta1 increases cxcr4 expression, stromal-derived factor-1alpha-stimulated signalling and human immunodeficiency virus-1 entry in human monocyte-derived macrophages","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49056-6","article-title":"Tgf-beta1 increases viral burden and promotes HIV-1 latency in primary differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"9","author":"Chinnapaiyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1089\/107999099313091","article-title":"Placental macrophage contact potentiates the complete replicative cycle of human cytomegalovirus in syncytiotrophoblast cells: Role of interleukin-8 and transforming growth factor-beta1","volume":"19","author":"Bacsi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Interf. Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"CR304","article-title":"Plasma transforming growth factor-beta(1) in acute viral hepatitis","volume":"11","author":"Flisiak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21726","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta1 suppresses hepatitis b virus replication primarily through transcriptional inhibition of pregenomic rna","volume":"46","author":"Chou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.9600","article-title":"Hbv induces liver fibrosis via the tgf-beta1\/mir-21-5p pathway","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2017.5618","article-title":"The inhibition of microrna-15a suppresses hepatitis b virus-associated liver cancer cell growth through the smad\/tgf-beta pathway","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huntington, K.E., Carlsen, L., So, E.Y., Piesche, M., Liang, O., and El-Deiry, W.S. (2022). Integrin\/tgf-beta1 inhibitor glpg-0187 blocks SARS-CoV-2 delta and omicron pseudovirus infection of airway epithelial cells in vitro, which could attenuate disease severity. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.01.02.22268641"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14104","article-title":"Serum levels of the iga isotype switch factor tgf-beta1 are elevated in patients with COVID-19","volume":"595","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108576","article-title":"Interferon gamma, tgf-beta1 and rantes expression in upper airway samples from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients","volume":"220","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trinh, Q.D., Pham, N.T.K., Takada, K., Takano, C., Komine-Aizawa, S., and Hayakawa, S. (2022). Tgf-beta1 promotes zika virus infection in immortalized human first-trimester trophoblasts via the smad pathway. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193026"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz709","article-title":"Zika, the newest torch infectious disease in the americas","volume":"70","author":"Kovacs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2017.08.002","article-title":"From torch to torchz: Zika virus infection highlights infectious fetopathies","volume":"24","author":"Morand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e271","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820002629","article-title":"Seroprevalences of antibodies against torch infectious pathogens in women of childbearing age residing in brazil, mexico, germany, poland, turkey and china","volume":"148","author":"Warnecke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/FM9.0000000000000133","article-title":"Viral infections during pregnancy: The big challenge threatening maternal and fetal health","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Matern.-Fetal Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2021.10.007","article-title":"Innate immune defenses at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"74","author":"Semmes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00610-y","article-title":"Infections at the maternal\u2013fetal interface: An overview of pathogenesis and defence","volume":"20","author":"Megli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873253","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.873253","article-title":"Infections and pregnancy: Effects on maternal and child health","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200422991","article-title":"Trophoblast differentiation during embryo implantation and formation of the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"114","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.12.006","article-title":"The uterine spiral arteries in human pregnancy: Facts and controversies","volume":"27","author":"Pijnenborg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04475-z","article-title":"How trophoblasts fuse: An in-depth look into placental syncytiotrophoblast formation","volume":"79","author":"Renaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.06.006","article-title":"Viral pulmonary infection in pregnancy\u2014Including COVID-19, sars, influenza a, and varicella","volume":"85","author":"Maudhoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14384","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and pregnancy","volume":"46","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alouini, S., Guinard, J., Belin, O., Mesnard, L., Werner, E., Prazuck, T., and Pichon, C. (2022). Maternal-fetal implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy, viral, serological analyses of placenta and cord blood. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042105"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7106a2","article-title":"Progress toward rubella and congenital rubella syndrome control and elimination\u2014Worldwide, 2012\u20132020","volume":"71","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/cga.12442","article-title":"Parenchymal calcification is associated with the neurological prognosis in patients with congenital rubella syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Namiki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Congenit. Anom."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5743106","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5743106","article-title":"The burden of likely rubella infection among healthy pregnant women in abakaliki, ebonyi state, nigeria","volume":"2022","author":"Ekuma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Shukla, S., and Maraqa, N.F. (2023). Statpearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"171","article-title":"Congenital rubella syndrome: A short report and literature review","volume":"53","author":"Gudeloglu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop. Dr."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"e30703","article-title":"A review of sensorineural hearing loss in congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649690","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.649690","article-title":"Congenital human cytomegalovirus infection inducing sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23601","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy","volume":"109","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12408","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: A review of prevalence, clinical features, diagnosis and prevention","volume":"56","author":"Naing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624221124694","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal risk factors associated with increased mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in mexico: Results of a case\u2013control study","volume":"33","author":"Alberto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"WHO (2020). HIV\/Aids: Mother-to-Child Transmission, WHO."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00580","article-title":"Pathophysiology of cd4+ t-cell depletion in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections","volume":"8","author":"Karthigeyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881700053X","article-title":"Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes among a cohort of HIV-infected women in a large italian teaching hospital: A 30-year retrospective study","volume":"145","author":"Grignolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(94)90103-1","article-title":"The effect of fetal infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on birthweight and length of gestation. Sigo study group of HIV infection in pregnancy","volume":"57","author":"Spinillo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10285-5","article-title":"Asian pacific association for the study of liver (apasl) guidelines: Hepatitis b virus in pregnancy","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13472","article-title":"Impact of maternal infection with hepatitis b virus on pregnancy complications and neonatal outcomes for women undergoing assisted reproductive technology treatment: A population-based study","volume":"28","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"WHO (2021). Global Progress Report on HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy134","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy134","article-title":"Maternal hepatitis b infection and pregnancy outcomes in the united states: A population-based cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Bajema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"e29101","article-title":"Congenital herpes simplex virus: A histopathological view of the placenta","volume":"14","author":"Deftereou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.03.004","article-title":"Organoid modeling of zika and herpes simplex virus 1 infections reveals virus-specific responses leading to microcephaly","volume":"28","author":"Krenn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.01.055","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus infection in pregnancy\u2014An update","volume":"259","author":"Hammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.02.039","article-title":"Genital herpes and pregnancy: Evaluating practices and knowledge of french health care providers","volume":"249","author":"Heggarty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazquez-Pagan, A., and Schultz-Cherry, S. (2021). Serological responses to influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112305"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166218","article-title":"Pregnancy and pandemics: Interaction of viral surface proteins and placenta cells","volume":"1867","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. (BBA)-Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Littauer, E.Q., Esser, E.S., Antao, O.Q., Vassilieva, E.V., Compans, R.W., and Skountzou, I. (2017). H1N1 influenza virus infection results in adverse pregnancy outcomes by disrupting tissue-specific hormonal regulation. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006757"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1086\/650460","article-title":"2009 H1N1 influenza a and pregnancy outcomes in victoria, australia","volume":"50","author":"Hewagama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00175","article-title":"Maternal-fetal interplay in zika virus infection and adverse perinatal outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Teixeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000861","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1000861","article-title":"The mechanisms underlying the immune control of zika virus infection at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"13","author":"Espino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30432-1","article-title":"Vertical transmission of zika virus and its outcomes: A bayesian synthesis of prospective studies","volume":"21","author":"Ades","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02266","article-title":"Zika virus infection at different pregnancy stages: Anatomopathological findings, target cells and viral persistence in placental tissues","volume":"9","author":"Zanluca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mourosi, J.T., Awe, A., Jain, S., and Batra, H. (2022). Nucleic acid vaccine platform for dengue and zika flaviviruses. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10060834"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.06.035","article-title":"Vertical transmission and materno-fetal outcomes in 13 patients with coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"26","author":"Masmejan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004","article-title":"COVID-19 in pregnancy: Implications for fetal brain development","volume":"28","author":"Shook","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200414","article-title":"Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy: Implications for the health of the next generation","volume":"209","author":"Shook","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parcial, A.L.N., Salomao, N.G., Portari, E.A., Arruda, L.V., de Carvalho, J.J., de Matos Guedes, H.L., Conde, T.C., Moreira, M.E., Batista, M.M., and Paes, M.V. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 is persistent in placenta and causes macroscopic, histopathological, and ultrastructural changes. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091885"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.059","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of coronavirus disease 2019 infection in 9 pregnant women: A retrospective review of medical records","volume":"223","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100145","article-title":"Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 rna on the fetal side of the placenta in pregnancies with coronavirus disease 2019-positive mothers and neonates at birth","volume":"2","author":"Patane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4521","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_475_20","article-title":"A systemic review of vertical transmission possibility in pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019-positive status","volume":"9","author":"AlQahtani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2016.078","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy and its impact on the intrauterine fetal development\u2014Case report","volume":"4","author":"Angelova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2004.11.014","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus and epstein-barr virus infections in pregnancy: Consequences of neonatal or intrauterine infection","volume":"21","author":"Avgil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10008","article-title":"Intrauterine infection and prematurity","volume":"8","author":"Goncalves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac007","article-title":"Intrauterine fetal demise in the third trimester of pregnancy associated with mild infection with the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant without protection from vaccination","volume":"225","author":"Guan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12605","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12605","article-title":"Mechanisms and possible controls of the in utero zika virus infection: Where is the holy grail?","volume":"77","author":"Fuwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Centeno-Tablante, E., Medina-Rivera, M., Finkelstein, J.L., Herman, H.S., Rayco-Solon, P., Garcia-Casal, M.N., Rogers, L., Ghezzi-Kopel, K., Zambrano Leal, M.P., and Andrade Velasquez, J.K. (2021). Update on the transmission of zika virus through breast milk and breastfeeding: A systematic review of the evidence. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010123"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904189","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.904189","article-title":"Enhancement of rubella virus infection in immortalized human first-trimester trophoblasts under low-glucose stress conditions","volume":"13","author":"Trinh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-092917-043236","article-title":"Congenital viral infection: Traversing the uterine-placental interface","volume":"5","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106634","DOI":"10.3389\/fviro.2023.1106634","article-title":"Modeling of vertical transmission and pathogenesis of cytomegalovirus in pregnancy: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Kirschen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Virol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0449-1","article-title":"Models of vertical cytomegalovirus (CMV) transmission and pathogenesis","volume":"36","author":"Weisblum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e590","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac703","article-title":"Update of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in france: Zero transmission for 5482 mothers on continuous antiretroviral therapy from conception and with undetectable viral load at delivery","volume":"76","author":"Sibiude","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab165","article-title":"Mother-to-child HIV-2 transmission: Comparison with HIV-1 and evaluation of factors influencing the rate of transmission. A systematic review","volume":"116","author":"Hansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2008.187","article-title":"Role of placenta in the vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"29","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"WHO (2021). World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO, WHO."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000189","article-title":"Analysis on the outcomes of hepatitis b virus perinatal vertical transmission: Nested case-control study","volume":"26","author":"Lv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2187","article-title":"Risk factors and mechanism of transplacental transmission of hepatitis b virus: A case-control study","volume":"67","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Belanger, B.G., and Lui, F. (2022). Statpearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felker, A.M., Nguyen, P., and Kaushic, C. (2021). Primary HSV-2 infection in early pregnancy results in transplacental viral transmission and dose-dependent adverse pregnancy outcomes in a novel mouse model. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13101929"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0b013e31823983ec","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus and pregnancy: A review of the management of antenatal and peripartum herpes infections","volume":"66","author":"Westhoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmwh.2008.01.010","article-title":"Understanding herpes simplex virus: Transmission, diagnosis, and considerations in pregnancy management","volume":"53","author":"Kriebs","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12473.1","article-title":"Prevention of influenza-related illness in young infants by maternal vaccination during pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"Nunes","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11621.x","article-title":"Influenza virus infection in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy: A clinical and seroepidemiological study","volume":"107","author":"Irving","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0581-3_18","article-title":"Zika virus targets multiple tissues and cell types during the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"2142","author":"Veas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2020-0442-SA","article-title":"Confirming vertical fetal infection with coronavirus disease 2019: Neonatal and pathology criteria for early onset and transplacental transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from infected pregnant mothers","volume":"144","author":"Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e270","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1715177","article-title":"In utero vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 in a severely ill 29-week preterm infant","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001817","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001817","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Matonaviridae 2022","volume":"103","author":"Mankertz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxz005","article-title":"Newborn with bilateral congenital cataracts: Never forget congenital rubella syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Fonseca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1745.187643","article-title":"Psychiatric manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome: A case report and review of literature","volume":"11","author":"Chauhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Nationwide rubella epidemic\u2014Japan, 2013. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 62, 457\u2013462."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piac043","article-title":"Epidemiology of congenital rubella syndrome related to the 2012\u20132013 rubella epidemic in Japan","volume":"11","author":"Kanai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatric. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taz047","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taz047","article-title":"Rubella resurgence in Japan 2018\u20132019","volume":"26","author":"Ujiie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11797","article-title":"Modeling the dynamics of rubella disease with vertical transmission","volume":"8","author":"Tilahun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1086\/652438","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence in the united states: The national health and nutrition examination surveys, 1988\u20132004","volume":"50","author":"Bate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.655","article-title":"Review of cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and demographic characteristics associated with infection","volume":"20","author":"Cannon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05649.x","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"1205","author":"Syggelou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.3.552","article-title":"Maternal age and congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Screening of two diverse newborn populations, 1980-1990","volume":"168","author":"Fowler","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197307052890101","article-title":"Maternal cytomegalovirus excretion and perinatal infection","volume":"289","author":"Reynolds","year":"1973","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6808","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.15.6808-6820.2000","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus infection of placental cytotrophoblasts in vitro and in utero: Implications for transmission and pathogenesis","volume":"74","author":"Fisher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/152.2.243","article-title":"Epidemiology and transmission of cytomegalovirus","volume":"152","author":"Pass","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03380140074025","article-title":"Primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Incidence, transmission to fetus, and clinical outcome","volume":"256","author":"Stagno","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4970","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.6.4970-4979.1998","article-title":"Permissive cytomegalovirus infection of primary villous term and first trimester trophoblasts","volume":"72","author":"Hemmings","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.4.2223-2232.1995","article-title":"Interactions between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and human cytomegalovirus in human term syncytiotrophoblast cells coinfected with both viruses","volume":"69","author":"Toth","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"58","article-title":"Management of infants born to mothers with HIV infection","volume":"104","author":"Vijayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2007.0291","article-title":"Efficacy of antiretroviral drugs in reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Africa: A meta-analysis of published clinical trials","volume":"24","author":"Chigwedere","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2021.0217","article-title":"Impact of option b(+) combination antiretroviral therapy on mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1, maternal and infant virologic responses to combination antiretroviral therapy, and maternal and infant mortality rates: A 24-month prospective follow-up study at a primary health care clinic, in harare, zimbabwe","volume":"36","author":"Zijenah","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"9","article-title":"Pregnancy as an opportunity to diagnose human-immunodeficiency virus immigrant women in catalonia","volume":"36","author":"Mur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200204150-00009","article-title":"Combination antiretroviral strategies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission","volume":"29","author":"Cooper","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2516(91)90044-4","article-title":"Replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in primary cultured placental cells","volume":"142","author":"Mano","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res. Virol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.4.746","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 causes productive infection of macrophages in primary placental cell cultures","volume":"169","author":"McGann","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6359","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.9.6359-6372.1997","article-title":"Placental trophoblasts resist infection by multiple human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 variants even with cytomegalovirus coinfection but support HIV replication after provirus transfection","volume":"71","author":"Kilani","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15832","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M210470200","article-title":"The low viral production in trophoblastic cells is due to a high endocytic internalization of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and can be overcome by the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1","volume":"278","author":"Vidricaire","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(03)00141-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis b in europe and worldwide","volume":"39","author":"Alter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"CD008545","article-title":"Hepatitis b immunoglobulin during pregnancy for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis b virus","volume":"2","author":"Eke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90625-6","article-title":"Lack of anti-hbc igm in neonates with hbsag carrier mothers argues against transplacental transmission of hepatitis b virus infection","volume":"2","author":"Goudeau","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-197509000-00008","article-title":"Vertical transmission of the hepatitis b surface antigen","volume":"270","author":"Schweitzer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i3.437","article-title":"Mechanism of intrauterine infection of hepatitis b virus","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-011-2096-2","article-title":"The study on the role of hepatitis b virus x protein and apoptosis in HBV intrauterine infection","volume":"285","author":"Bai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.038","article-title":"Uptake of hepatitis b virus into choriocarcinoma cells in the presence of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"191","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.62761","article-title":"Pregnancy and sexually transmitted viral infections","volume":"30","author":"Singhal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Sex Transm. Dis. AIDS"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199708213370801","article-title":"The acquisition of herpes simplex virus during pregnancy","volume":"337","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328013cb19","article-title":"Consequences of herpes simplex virus in pregnancy and their prevention","volume":"20","author":"Baker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OLQ.0000093080.55201.D1","article-title":"Is herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) now more common than HSV-2 in first episodes of genital herpes?","volume":"30","author":"Mertz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.2.203","article-title":"Effect of serologic status and cesarean delivery on transmission rates of herpes simplex virus from mother to infant","volume":"289","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2014.08.012","article-title":"Preventing herpes simplex virus in the newborn","volume":"41","author":"Pinninti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1973.03220290017004","article-title":"Intrauterine infection with herpes simplex virus: Resultant congenital malformations","volume":"225","author":"Florman","year":"1973","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80298-6","article-title":"Intrauterine herpes simplex virus infections","volume":"110","author":"Hutto","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.004325","article-title":"Syncytiotrophoblast is a barrier to maternal-fetal transmission of herpes simplex virus","volume":"67","author":"Koi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890360303","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus infection of cultured human term trophoblast","volume":"36","author":"Juhl","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"703","article-title":"Echovirus type 19 and herpes simplex type 2 infection in human placenta tissue explants","volume":"26","author":"Oliveira","year":"1993","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(59)91585-5","article-title":"Maternal influenza and congenital deformities: A prospective study","volume":"2","author":"Coffey","year":"1959","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2518-8","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome and clinical status of gilts following experimental infection by H1N2, H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 influenza a viruses during the last month of gestation","volume":"160","author":"Kwit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1213566","article-title":"Pregnancy and infection","volume":"370","author":"Kourtis","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1919.02610140008002","article-title":"Influenza occurring in pregnant women: A statistical study of thirteen hundred and fifty cases","volume":"72","author":"Harris","year":"1919","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1918.26020450009011a","article-title":"Pandemic influenza and pneumonia in a large civilian hospital","volume":"71","author":"Nuzum","year":"1918","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.479","article-title":"Pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus illness among pregnant women in the united states","volume":"303","author":"Siston","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61304-0","article-title":"H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA","volume":"374","author":"Jamieson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1969.03160280076019","article-title":"Teratogenic effects of asian influenza. An extended study","volume":"210","author":"Wilson","year":"1969","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2006.03.001","article-title":"Potential impact of pandemic influenza on blood safety and availability","volume":"20","author":"Zou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01264.x","article-title":"Influenza viremia and the potential for blood-borne transmission","volume":"47","author":"Likos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.50.27","article-title":"Detection of influenza virus rna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of influenza patients","volume":"50","author":"Tsuruoka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2012.01172.x","article-title":"H1N1\/09 influenza a virus infection of immortalized first trimester human trophoblast cell lines","volume":"68","author":"Suzaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2009.00723.x","article-title":"H3N2 influenza a virus replicates in immortalized human first trimester trophoblast cell lines and induces their rapid apoptosis","volume":"62","author":"Trinh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20751","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.13.20751","article-title":"Evidence of perinatal transmission of zika virus, french polynesia, december 2013 and february 2014","volume":"19","author":"Besnard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Zika virus, french polynesia, south pacific, 2013","volume":"20","author":"Roche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805715","article-title":"Zika virus outbreak on yap island, federated states of micronesia","volume":"360","author":"Duffy","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brasil, P., Calvet, G.A., Siqueira, A.M., Wakimoto, M., De Sequeira, P.C., Nobre, A., Quintana, M.D.S.B., De Mendon\u00e7a, M.C.L., Lupi, O., and De Souza, R.V. (2016). Zika virus outbreak in rio de janeiro, brazil: Clinical characterization, epidemiological and virological aspects. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004636"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22402","article-title":"Zika virus evolution and spread in the americas","volume":"546","author":"Metsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamanaka, T., Ribeiro, C.T.M., Pone, S., Gomes, S.C., Nielsen-Saines, K., Brickley, E.B., Moreira, M.E., and Pone, M. (2022). Longitudinal follow-up of gross motor function in children with congenital zika virus syndrome from a cohort in rio de janeiro, brazil. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061173"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4864","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00252-16","article-title":"Zika virus: New clinical syndromes and its emergence in the western hemisphere","volume":"90","author":"Lazear","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2022.105255","article-title":"Identification of a small compound that specifically inhibits zika virus in vitro and in vivo by targeting the ns2b-ns3 protease","volume":"199","author":"Miao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887729","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.887729","article-title":"Mucosal vaccination: A promising alternative against flaviviruses","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00426-0","article-title":"Efficacy of an inactivated zika vaccine against virus infection during pregnancy in mice and marmosets","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.121975","article-title":"Novel microparticulate zika vaccine induces a significant immune response in a preclinical murine model after intramuscular administration","volume":"624","author":"Kale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.07.002","article-title":"Zika virus targets different primary human placental cells, suggesting two routes for vertical transmission","volume":"20","author":"Tabata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.015","article-title":"Zika virus infects human placental macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Quicke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01905-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01905-16","article-title":"Zika virus infects early- and midgestation human maternal decidual tissues, inducing distinct innate tissue responses in the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"91","author":"Weisblum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35296","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35296","article-title":"Zika virus reveals broad tissue and cell tropism during the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Gouilly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"157","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review of pregnancy and the possibility of vertical transmission","volume":"21","author":"Ashraf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infertil."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003213","article-title":"Preeclampsia and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: A systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Tossetta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106260","article-title":"Vertical transmission and kidney damage in newborns whose mothers had coronavirus disease 2019 during pregnancy","volume":"57","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100135","article-title":"Placental abruption in a twin pregnancy at 32 weeks\u2019 gestation complicated by coronavirus disease 2019 without vertical transmission to the babies","volume":"2","author":"Kuhrt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004073","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vertical transmission in neonates born to mothers with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia","volume":"136","author":"Malhotra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e261","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002816","article-title":"Possible coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and pregnancy: Vertical transmission is not excluded","volume":"39","author":"Marzollo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.07.049","article-title":"Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"224","author":"Kotlyar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.11.017","article-title":"Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019, a response","volume":"224","author":"Kotlyar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Chen, L., Zhang, J., Xiong, C., and Li, X. (2020). The SARS-CoV-2 receptor ace2 expression of maternal-fetal interface and fetal organs by single-cell transcriptome study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.27.967760"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.106","article-title":"Confirmatory evidence of the visualization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 invading the human placenta using electron microscopy","volume":"223","author":"Algarroba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.05.023","article-title":"Visualization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 invading the human placenta using electron microscopy","volume":"223","author":"Algarroba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz024","article-title":"Dual role of tgf-beta in early pregnancy: Clues from tumor progression","volume":"100","author":"Latifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a022145","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022145","article-title":"Tgf-beta family signaling in the control of cell proliferation and survival","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a022061","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022061","article-title":"Tgf-beta signaling from receptors to smads","volume":"8","author":"Hata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2020.01.014","article-title":"Nilotinib treatment of patients affected by chronic graft-versus-host disease reduces collagen production and skin fibrosis by downmodulating the tgf-beta and p-smad pathway","volume":"26","author":"Costantini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a022251","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022251","article-title":"The tgf-beta family in the reproductive tract","volume":"9","author":"Monsivais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2009.02.012","article-title":"Tgf-beta superfamily signaling in embryonic development and homeostasis","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.01076","article-title":"Tgf-beta superfamily expression and actions in the endometrium and placenta","volume":"132","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciebiera, M., Wlodarczyk, M., Wrzosek, M., Meczekalski, B., Nowicka, G., Lukaszuk, K., Ciebiera, M., Slabuszewska-Jozwiak, A., and Jakiel, G. (2017). Role of transforming growth factor beta in uterine fibroid biology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112435"},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"759","article-title":"Analysis of cell-cell junctions in human amnion and chorionic plate affected by chorioamnionitis","volume":"31","author":"Licini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.03.016","article-title":"Il-1beta and tgf-beta weaken the placental barrier through destruction of tight junctions: An in vivo and in vitro study","volume":"35","author":"Tossetta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, W., Qin, Y., Chapuy, B., and Lu, C. (2019). Lrrc33 is a novel binding and potential regulating protein of tgf-beta1 function in human acute myeloid leukemia cells. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/560763"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.02.020","article-title":"Secretion of angiogenic growth factors by villous cytotrophoblast and extravillous trophoblast in early human pregnancy","volume":"31","author":"Lash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2001.0746","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta expression in human placenta and placental bed during early pregnancy","volume":"23","author":"Simpson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401536","article-title":"The human fetal placenta promotes tolerance against the semiallogeneic fetus by inducing regulatory t cells and homeostatic m2 macrophages","volume":"194","author":"Mehta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-022-10420-1","article-title":"Inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition maintains stemness in human amniotic epithelial cells","volume":"18","author":"Takano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schliefsteiner, C., Ibesich, S., and Wadsack, C. (2020). Placental hofbauer cell polarization resists inflammatory cues in vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030736"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.8755-8920.2000.440405.x","article-title":"The immunosuppressive cytokines influence the fetal survival in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension","volume":"44","author":"Giganti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01023","article-title":"Role of regulatory t cells in regulating fetal-maternal immune tolerance in healthy pregnancies and reproductive diseases","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00911","article-title":"The tolerogenic function of regulatory t cells in pregnancy and cancer","volume":"10","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"327","article-title":"Plasma and placental levels of interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-beta1, and epithelial-cadherin in preeclampsia","volume":"100","author":"Benian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1997.tb04356.x","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of lp(a) lipoprotein and tgf-beta1 are altered in preeclampsia","volume":"52","author":"Djurovic","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13262","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13262","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta1 in intrauterine adhesion","volume":"84","author":"Abudukeyoumu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2015.2570","article-title":"High temperature requirement a1, transforming growth factor beta1, phosphosmad2 and ki67 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with endometriosis","volume":"59","author":"Goteri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2010.02381.x","article-title":"Elevated tgf-beta1 levels might protect HCV\/HIV-coinfected patients from liver fibrosis","volume":"41","author":"Rallon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105089","article-title":"Targeted plasma proteomics reveals upregulation of distinct inflammatory pathways in people living with HIV","volume":"25","author":"Vadaq","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brancaccio, M., Mennitti, C., Calvanese, M., Gentile, A., Musto, R., Gaudiello, G., Scamardella, G., Terracciano, D., Frisso, G., and Pero, R. (2022). Diagnostic and therapeutic potential for hnp-1, hbd-1 and hbd-4 in pregnant women with COVID-19. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073450"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gwon, Y.D., Mahani, S.A.N., Nagaev, I., Mincheva-Nilsson, L., and Evander, M. (2021). Rift valley fever virus propagates in human villous trophoblast cell lines and induces cytokine mrna responses known to provoke miscarriage. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112265"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.09.022","article-title":"Association of cytokines in hepatitis e with pregnancy outcome","volume":"65","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.01.009","article-title":"Pregnant women infected with pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus showed differential immune response correlated with disease severity","volume":"64","author":"Periolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055536","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1055536","article-title":"Histopathological and immunological characteristics of placentas infected with chikungunya virus","volume":"13","author":"Salomao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh714","article-title":"Persistent cytomegalovirus infection is associated with increased expression of tgf-beta1, pdgf-aa and icam-1 and arterial intimal thickening in kidney allografts","volume":"20","author":"Helantera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimamura, M., Murphy-Ullrich, J.E., and Britt, W.J. (2010). Human cytomegalovirus induces tgf-beta1 activation in renal tubular epithelial cells after epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001170"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/109199","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus promotes the activation of tgf-beta1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by mmp-2 after endothelial mesenchymal transition","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_227","first-page":"2637","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus infection enhances invasiveness and migration of glioblastoma cells by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(99)01497-8","article-title":"HIV-1 tat: Immunosuppression via tgf-beta1 induction","volume":"20","author":"Reinhold","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.005","article-title":"HIV increases HCV replication in a tgf-beta1-dependent manner","volume":"134","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12300","article-title":"Latent tgf-beta1 is compartmentalized between blood and seminal plasma of HIV-positive men and its activation in semen is negatively correlated with viral load and immune activation","volume":"73","author":"Kafka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596841","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.596841","article-title":"Dynamics of transforming growth factor (tgf)-beta superfamily cytokine induction during HIV-1 infection are distinct from other innate cytokines","volume":"11","author":"Dickinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinnapaiyan, S., Parira, T., Dutta, R., Agudelo, M., Morris, A., Nair, M., and Unwalla, H.J. (2017). HIV infects bronchial epithelium and suppresses components of the mucociliary clearance apparatus. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169161"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0362222","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03622-22","article-title":"HIV-1 proteins gp120 and tat promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasiveness of HPV-positive and HPV-negative neoplastic genital and oral epithelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Lien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19650-0","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus x antigen promotes transforming growth factor-beta1 (tgf-beta1) activity by up-regulation of tgf-beta1 and down-regulation of alpha2-macroglobulin","volume":"85","author":"Pan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2005.06.002","article-title":"Plasma transforming growth factor beta1, metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in acute viral hepatitis type b","volume":"131","author":"Flisiak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_236","first-page":"59","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus x protein promotes proliferation and upregulates tgf-beta1 and ctgf in human hepatic stellate cell line, lx-2","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2014.0142","article-title":"Elevated tgf-beta1\/il-31 pathway is associated with the disease severity of hepatitis b virus-related liver cirrhosis","volume":"28","author":"Ming","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26301","article-title":"Association of cytokines with hepatitis b virus and its antigen","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-05062-6","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta as a possible independent factor in chronic hepatitis b","volume":"166","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00649-14","article-title":"The transforming growth factor beta1\/interleukin-31 pathway is upregulated in patients with hepatitis b virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure and is associated with disease severity and survival","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001453","article-title":"Hepatitis b and hepatitis c virus infection promote liver fibrogenesis through a tgf-beta1-induced oct4\/nanog pathway","volume":"208","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_242","first-page":"732","article-title":"[effect of transforming growth factor-beta1 on HBV replication and antigen synthesis in hepg2.2.15 cells with steatosis]","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1089\/107999000312405","article-title":"Induction of transforming growth factor-beta 1 production in human cells by herpes simplex virus","volume":"20","author":"Hernandez","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Interf. Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2004.04.011","article-title":"The role of viruses in idiopathic peripheral facial palsy and cellular immune response","volume":"25","author":"Kaygusuz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_245","first-page":"1631","article-title":"HSV-1 infection suppresses tgf-beta1 and smad3 expression in human corneal epithelial cells","volume":"14","author":"Nie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9295","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16862","article-title":"Cytokine profile and cytoskeletal changes after herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in human trabecular meshwork cells","volume":"25","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3073-4","article-title":"The use of human cornea organotypic cultures to study herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-induced inflammation","volume":"253","author":"Drevets","year":"2015","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_248","first-page":"44","article-title":"Immunological features in patients with pneumonitis due to influenza a H1N1 infection","volume":"21","author":"Wen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Jiao, S., Wang, G., Gao, Y., Liu, C., He, X., Zhang, C., Xiao, J., Li, W., and Zhang, G. (2015). The immune adaptor adap regulates reciprocal tgf-beta1-integrin crosstalk to protect from influenza virus infection. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004824"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000529","article-title":"Airway mucosal immune-suppression in neonates of mothers receiving A(H1N1)pnd09 vaccination during pregnancy","volume":"34","author":"Bischoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2021.198337","article-title":"Tgf-beta1 signaling inhibit the in vitro apoptotic, infection and stimulatory cell response induced by influenza H1N1 virus infection on a549 cells","volume":"297","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.07.009","article-title":"Correlation between apoptosis and in situ immune response in fatal cases of microcephaly caused by zika virus","volume":"188","author":"Azevedo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062499","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1062499","article-title":"Rig-i and mda5 are modulated by bone morphogenetic protein (bmp6) and are essential for restricting zika virus infection in human sertoli cells","volume":"13","author":"Jiyarom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11772719221135443","DOI":"10.1177\/11772719221135443","article-title":"The prognostic value of lung injury and fibrosis markers, kl-6, tgf-beta1, fgf-2 in COVID-19 patients","volume":"17","author":"Karadeniz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomark. Insights"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06152021","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0615-2021","article-title":"Role of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and connective tissue growth factor levels in coronavirus disease-2019-related lung injury: A prospective, observational, cohort study","volume":"55","author":"Laloglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mezger, M.C., Conzelmann, C., Weil, T., von Maltitz, P., Albers, D.P.J., Munch, J., Stamminger, T., and Schilling, E.M. (2022). Inhibitors of activin receptor-like kinase 5 interfere with SARS-CoV-2 s-protein processing and spike-mediated cell fusion via attenuation of furin expression. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061308"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1089\/08892220260190317","article-title":"Role of placental cytokines in transcriptional modulation of HIV type 1 in the isolated villous trophoblast","volume":"18","author":"Zachar","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2015.4172","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus x protein modifies invasion, proliferation and the inflammatory response in an htr-8\/svneo cell model","volume":"34","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_259","first-page":"17248","article-title":"Role of human cytomegalovirus in the proliferation and invasion of extravillous cytotrophoblasts isolated from early placentae","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00036-13","article-title":"LOXL4 is induced by transforming growth factor \u03b21 through Smad and JunB\/Fra2 and contributes to vascular matrix remodeling","volume":"33","author":"Busnadiego","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24919","article-title":"GRP78\/BiP\/HSPA5\/Dna K is a universal therapeutic target for human disease","volume":"230","author":"Booth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-022-10450-w","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 delta variant is recognized through GRP78 host-cell surface receptor, in silico perspective","volume":"28","author":"Elfiky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2502","article-title":"Glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is an important cell surface receptor for viral invasion, cancers, and neurological disorders","volume":"73","author":"Gopal","year":"2021","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79803-z","article-title":"A functional interaction between GRP78 and zika virus e protein","volume":"11","author":"Khongwichit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02274-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02274-16","article-title":"GRP78 is an important host factor for Japanese encephalitis virus entry and replication in mammalian cells","volume":"91","author":"Nain","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prusty, B.K., Siegl, C., Gulve, N., Mori, Y., and Rudel, T. (2014). Gp96 interacts with hhv-6 during viral entry and directs it for cellular degradation. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113962"},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2018.1557988","article-title":"Heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) mediates zika virus entry, replication, and egress from host cells","volume":"8","author":"Pujhari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00311-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00311-20","article-title":"Gp96 is critical for both human herpesvirus 6a (hhv-6a) and hhv-6b infections","volume":"94","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2954","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02954","article-title":"Annexin a2 in virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_270","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cyclophilin a: A key factor in virus replication and potential target for anti-viral therapy","volume":"21","author":"Dawar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11809","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00297-11","article-title":"Annexin ii binds to capsid protein vp1 of enterovirus 71 and enhances viral infectivity","volume":"85","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.013276-0","article-title":"Role of annexin a2 in cellular entry of rabbit vesivirus","volume":"90","author":"Dalton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.6.3551-3560.1996","article-title":"Cyclophilin a is required for an early step in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 before the initiation of reverse transcription","volume":"70","author":"Braaten","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/7\/6489\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:06:57Z","timestamp":1760123217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/7\/6489"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"references-count":273,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24076489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24076489","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]}}}