{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:18:27Z","timestamp":1784553507064,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hong Kong Society of Gut Microbiome"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psoriasis is a common chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease with the association of various comorbidities. Despite the introduction of highly effective biologic therapies over the past few decades, the exact trigger for an immune reaction in psoriasis is unclear. With the majority of immune cells residing in the gut, the effect of gut microbiome dysbiosis goes beyond the gastrointestinal site and may exacerbate inflammation and regulate the immune system elsewhere, including but not limited to the skin via the gut-skin axis. In order to delineate the role of the gut microbiome in Southern Chinese psoriasis patients, we performed targeted 16S rRNA sequencing and comprehensive bioinformatic analysis to compare the gut microbiome profile of 58 psoriasis patients against 49 healthy local subjects presumably with similar lifestyles. Blautia wexlerae and Parabacteroides distasonis were found to be enriched in psoriasis patients and in some of the healthy subjects, respectively. Metabolic functional pathways were predicted to be differentially abundant, with a clear shift toward SCFA synthesis in healthy subjects. The alteration of the co-occurrence network was also evident in the psoriasis group. In addition, we also profiled the gut microbiome in 52 of the 58 recruited psoriasis patients after taking 8 weeks of an orally administrated novel E3 probiotics formula (with prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics). The Dermatological Life Quality Index (p = 0.009) and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (p &lt; 0.001) were significantly improved after taking 8 weeks of probiotics with no adverse effect observed. We showed that probiotics could at least partly restore gut dysbiosis via the modulation of the gut microbiome. Here, we also report the potential application of a machine learning-derived gut dysbiosis index based on a quantitative PCR panel (AUC = 0.88) to monitor gut dysbiosis in psoriasis patients. To sum up, our study suggests the gut microbial landscape differed in psoriasis patients at the genera, species, functional and network levels. Additionally, the dysbiosis index could be a cost-effective and rapid tool to monitor probiotics use in psoriasis patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T03:08:31Z","timestamp":1680491311000},"page":"6571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["A Novel E3 Probiotics Formula Restored Gut Dysbiosis and Remodelled Gut Microbial Network and Microbiome Dysbiosis Index (MDI) in Southern Chinese Adult Psoriasis Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Chi Tung","family":"Choy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Un Kei","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pui Ling Kella","family":"Siu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Ho","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuk Wai","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho Wang","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Chi Ching","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven King Fan","family":"Loo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Institute of Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Dermatology Centre, CUHK Medical Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0686-4259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen Kwok Wing","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Centre for Microbial Genomics and Proteomics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.11.013","article-title":"Psoriasis Prevalence among Adults in the United States","volume":"70","author":"Rachakonda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, March 22). Global Report on Psoriasis. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/204417."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13854","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Worldwide Epidemiology of Psoriasis","volume":"31","author":"Michalek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2022, March 22). LCQ9: Support for Psoriasis Patients, Available online: https:\/\/www.info.gov.hk\/gia\/general\/202010\/21\/P2020102100320.htm."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2022, March 22). HKSH Healthcare. Available online: https:\/\/www.hksh-healthcare.com\/en\/clinical-services\/dermatology-centre\/psoriasis.php."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4006","article-title":"Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment of Psoriasis: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.07.087","article-title":"Joint AAD\u2013NPF Guidelines of Care for the Management and Treatment of Psoriasis with Topical Therapy and Alternative Medicine Modalities for Psoriasis Severity Measures","volume":"84","author":"Elmets","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"36","article-title":"Psoriasis and Associated Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review on Etiopathogenesis and Clinical Correlation","volume":"9","author":"Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthetic Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.05.019","article-title":"Psoriasis and Suicidality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"77","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.508","article-title":"The Prevalence and Odds of Depressive Symptoms and Clinical Depression in Psoriasis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"134","author":"Dowlatshahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.1213","article-title":"Association Between Skin and Aortic Vascular Inflammation in Patients with Psoriasis: A Case-Cohort Study Using Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography","volume":"2","author":"Dey","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2016.2907","article-title":"Comparison of Coronary Artery Calcium Scores Between Patients with Psoriasis and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"152","author":"Mansouri","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026859","article-title":"Coronary Plaque Characterization in Psoriasis Reveals High-Risk Features That Improve after Treatment in a Prospective Observational Study","volume":"136","author":"Lerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamadermatol.406","article-title":"Psoriasis and the Risk of Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"149","author":"Armstrong","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.02.1095","article-title":"Psoriasis and Risk of Diabetes-Associated Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications","volume":"72","author":"Armstrong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.112","article-title":"The Risk of Stroke in Patients with Psoriasis","volume":"129","author":"Gelfand","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.14.1735","article-title":"Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Psoriasis","volume":"296","author":"Gelfand","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.01.050","article-title":"Increased Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Psoriasis: A 5-Year Population-Based Study in Taiwan","volume":"64","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13282","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Psoriasis: Modernizing the Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":"290","author":"Hedin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.3631","article-title":"Association of Psoriasis with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"154","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba6500","article-title":"Developmental Cell Programs Are Co-Opted in Inflammatory Skin Disease","volume":"371","author":"Reynolds","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02268.x","article-title":"Psoriasis in Norwegian Twins: Contribution of Genetic and Environmental Effects","volume":"21","author":"Grjibovski","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.09.042","article-title":"Genomic Alterations Driving Psoriasis Pathogenesis","volume":"683","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.1999.530203.x","article-title":"Linkage Disequilibrium Analysis of Familial Psoriasis: Identification of Multiple Disease-Associated MHC Haplotypes","volume":"53","author":"Jenisch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12456500","article-title":"Specific Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism on the HLA-C Region and Susceptibility to Psoriasis Vulgaris","volume":"90","author":"Ozawa","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16083","article-title":"HLA-Cw6 and Psoriasis","volume":"178","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38892","article-title":"Decreased Bacterial Diversity Characterizes the Altered Gut Microbiota in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis, Resembling Dysbiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"67","author":"Scher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13786","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota Profiling and Predicted Metabolic Dysregulation in Psoriasis Patients","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17931","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in a Cohort of Patients with Psoriasis","volume":"181","author":"Delgado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2020.101494","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis","volume":"33","author":"Myers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14933","article-title":"Psoriatic Patients Have a Distinct Structural and Functional Fecal Microbiota Compared with Controls","volume":"46","author":"Shapiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"9188","article-title":"The Role of Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Skin Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Widhiati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polak, K., Bergler-czop, B., Szczepanek, M., Wojciechowska, K., Fr\u0105tczak, A., and Kiss, N. (2021). Psoriasis and Gut Microbiome\u2014Current State of Art. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094529"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thye, A.Y.-K., Bah, Y.-R., Law, J.W.-F., Tan, L.T.-H., He, Y.-W., Wong, S.-H., Thurairajasingam, S., Chan, K.-G., Lee, L.-H., and Letchumanan, V. (2022). Gut-Skin Axis: Unravelling the Connection between the Gut Microbiome and Psoriasis. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10051037"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.75","article-title":"Mechanisms of Inflammation-Driven Bacterial Dysbiosis in the Gut","volume":"10","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro-l\u00f3pez, V., N\u00fa\u00f1ez-delegido, E., Ruzafa-costas, B., S\u00e1nchez-pellicer, P., Ag\u00fcera-santos, J., and Navarro-moratalla, L. (2021). Probiotics in the Therapeutic Arsenal of Dermatologists. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071513"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0300-2","article-title":"Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics for the Treatment and Prevention of Adult Dermatological Diseases","volume":"18","author":"Notay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8925","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29737","article-title":"Probiotics with Ameliorating Effects on the Severity of Skin Inflammation in Psoriasis: Evidence from Experimental and Clinical Studies","volume":"235","author":"Atabati","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"12","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial of a Probiotic Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Non-Scalp Psoriasis","volume":"13","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psoriasis Forum"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.25487","article-title":"Bifidobacterium Infantis 35624 Modulates Host Inflammatory Processes beyond the Gut","volume":"4","author":"Groeger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1078","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Oral Administration of a Mixture of Probiotic Strains in Patients with Psoriasis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"99","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7552546","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7552546","article-title":"The Effectiveness and Safety of Probiotic Supplements for Psoriasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials and Preclinical Trials","volume":"2021","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16667","article-title":"A Smartphone Application Supporting Patients with Psoriasis Improves Adherence to Topical Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"179","author":"Svendsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13908","article-title":"Demographics and Disease Characteristics of Patients with Psoriasis Enrolled in the British Association of Dermatologists Biologic Interventions Register","volume":"173","author":"Iskandar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budu-Aggrey, A., Brumpton, B., Tyrrell, J., Watkins, S., Modalsli, E.H., Celis-Morales, C., Ferguson, L.D., Vie, G.\u00c5., Palmer, T., and Fritsche, L.G. (2019). Evidence of a Causal Relationship between Body Mass Index and Psoriasis: A Mendelian Randomization Study. PLoS Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002739"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.06.012","article-title":"Risk of Psoriasis According to Body Mass Index: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis","volume":"86","author":"Norden","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18476-8","article-title":"A Predictive Index for Health Status Using Species-Level Gut Microbiome Profiling","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"313","article-title":"Applications of Machine Learning in Human Microbiome Studies: A Review on Feature Selection, Biomarker Identification, Disease Prediction and Treatment","volume":"12","author":"Przymus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00727-y","article-title":"The Impact of the Gut Microbiome on Extra-Intestinal Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"23","author":"Miyauchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1175-y","article-title":"Influence of Diet on the Gut Microbiome and Implications for Human Health","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208344","article-title":"Linking Long-Term Dietary Patterns with Gut Microbial Enterotypes","volume":"334","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2014-15-7-r89","article-title":"Host Lifestyle Affects Human Microbiota on Daily Timescales","volume":"15","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25973","article-title":"Environment Dominates over Host Genetics in Shaping Human Gut Microbiota","volume":"555","author":"Rothschild","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1875796","article-title":"Blautia\u2014A New Functional Genus with Potential Probiotic Properties?","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.05.005","article-title":"Functional and Genomic Variation between Human-Derived Isolates of Lachnospiraceae Reveals Inter- and Intra-Species Diversity","volume":"28","author":"Sorbara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69537-3","article-title":"Metagenomic Analysis of Gut Microbiota in Non-Treated Plaque Psoriasis Patients Stratified by Disease Severity: Development of a New Psoriasis-Microbiome Index","volume":"10","author":"Giliberto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2015.04.016","article-title":"Intestinal Blautia Is Associated with Reduced Death from Graft-versus-Host Disease","volume":"21","author":"Jenq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G675","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00152.2012","article-title":"Colonic Mucosal Microbiome Differs from Stool Microbiome in Cirrhosis and Hepatic Encephalopathy and Is Linked to Cognition and Inflammation","volume":"303","author":"Bajaj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Liu, F., Ling, Z., Tong, X., and Xiang, C. (2012). Human Intestinal Lumen and Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in Patients with Colorectal Cancer. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039743"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853566","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.853566","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Altered Bile Acid Catabolism Lead to Metabolic Disorder in Psoriasis Mice","volume":"13","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00236","article-title":"Crucial Role of Microbiota in Experimental Psoriasis Revealed by a Gnotobiotic Mouse Model","volume":"10","author":"Stehlikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90480-4","article-title":"Abnormal Composition of Microbiota in the Gut and Skin of Imiquimod-Treated Mice","volume":"11","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgaa018","article-title":"Parabacteroides Distasonis Attenuates Tumorigenesis, Modulates Inflammatory Markers and Promotes Intestinal Barrier Integrity in Azoxymethane-Treated A\/J Mice","volume":"41","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922241","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1922241","article-title":"Parabacteroides Distasonis: Intriguing Aerotolerant Gut Anaerobe with Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathogenic and Probiotic Roles in Human Health","volume":"13","author":"Ezeji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435.2","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.31.1_supplement.435.2","article-title":"Parabacteroides Distasonis Attenuates Colonic Inflammation and Prevents Tumor Formation in Azoxymethane-Treated High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice","volume":"31","author":"Koh","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31559","article-title":"Parabacteroides Distasonis Attenuates Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling and Akt Activation and Blocks Colon Tumor Formation in High-Fat Diet-Fed Azoxymethane-Treated Mice","volume":"143","author":"Koh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H., Guo, Y., Wang, H., Yin, A., Hu, J., Yuan, T., Zhou, S., Xu, W., Wei, P., and Yin, S. (2023). Gut Commensal Parabacteroides Distasonis Alleviates Inflammatory Arthritis. Gut, gutjnl-2022-327756.","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327756"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinolo, M.A.R., Rodrigues, H.G., Nachbar, R.T., and Curi, R. (2011). Regulation of Inflammation by Short Chain Fatty Acids. Nutrients, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3100858"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.11.005","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived Short Chain Fatty Acids Are Potential Mediators in Gut Inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Akhtar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105420","article-title":"The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Intestinal Barrier Function, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Colonic Carcinogenesis","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45311-y","article-title":"Bidirectional Regulatory Potentials of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in Autoimmune Neuroinflammation","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.02.001","article-title":"Microbial Regulation of Host Physiology by Short-Chain Fatty Acids","volume":"29","author":"Wells","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15700","article-title":"Claudin-3\u2013A New Intestinal Integrity Marker in Patients with Psoriasis: Association with Disease Severity","volume":"33","author":"Sikora","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-1811(91)90057-5","article-title":"Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Psoriasis","volume":"2","author":"Humbert","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14647","article-title":"Intestinal Barrier Integrity in Patients with Plaque Psoriasis","volume":"45","author":"Sikora","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S292544","article-title":"Clinical Implications of Intestinal Barrier Damage in Psoriasis","volume":"14","author":"Sikora","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e366","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15361","article-title":"Increased Intestinal Barrier Permeability in Patients with Moderate to Severe Plaque-Type Psoriasis","volume":"47","author":"Richetta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1021\/pr500782g","article-title":"LC\u2013MS Metabolomics of Psoriasis Patients Reveals Severity-Dependent Increases in Circulating Amino Acids That Ameliorated by Anti-TNF\u03b1 Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Kamleh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2021.0406","article-title":"Statistical Methods for Microbiome Compositional Data Network Inference: A Survey","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirano, H., and Takemoto, K. (2019). Difficulty in Inferring Microbial Community Structure Based on Co-Occurrence Network Approaches. BMC Bioinform., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-019-2915-1"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.05.001","article-title":"Network Analysis Methods for Studying Microbial Communities: A Mini Review","volume":"19","author":"Matchado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00300-x","article-title":"Harnessing the Microbiome to Restore Immunotherapy Response","volume":"2","author":"Bullman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17277","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c01333","article-title":"Searching for New Microbiome-Targeted Therapeutics through a Drug Repurposing Approach","volume":"64","author":"Barone","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326264","article-title":"Cancer Pharmacomicrobiomics: Targeting Microbiota to Optimise Cancer Therapy Outcomes","volume":"71","author":"Ting","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.0494","article-title":"The Potential of the Gut Microbiome to Reshape the Cancer Therapy Paradigm: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380001500701","article-title":"Short-Term Benefit from Oral Vancomycin Treatment of Regressive-Onset Autism","volume":"15","author":"Sandler","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01683-9","article-title":"Safety and Target Engagement of an Oral Small-Molecule Sequestrant in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Open-Label Phase 1b\/2a Trial","volume":"28","author":"Needham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00122-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00122-19","article-title":"New Approaches to Microbiome-Based Therapies","volume":"4","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2022.101599","article-title":"Microbiota-Targeted Therapies in Inflammation Resolution","volume":"59","author":"Strati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.8","article-title":"Ultra-High-Throughput Microbial Community Analysis on the Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq Platforms","volume":"6","author":"Caporaso","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, Interactive, Scalable and Extensible Microbiome Data Science Using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-Resolution Sample Inference from Illumina Amplicon Data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2017.119","article-title":"Exact Sequence Variants Should Replace Operational Taxonomic Units in Marker-Gene Data Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Callahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf436","article-title":"MAFFT: A Novel Method for Rapid Multiple Sequence Alignment Based on Fast Fourier Transform","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, M.N., Dehal, P.S., and Arkin, A.P. (2010). FastTree 2\u2013Approximately Maximum-Likelihood Trees for Large Alignments. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009490"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0470-z","article-title":"Optimizing Taxonomic Classification of Marker-Gene Amplicon Sequences with QIIME 2\u2019s Q2-Feature-Classifier Plugin","volume":"6","author":"Bokulich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA Ribosomal RNA Gene Database Project: Improved Data Processing and Web-Based Tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D643","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1209","article-title":"The SILVA and \u201cAll-Species Living Tree Project (LTP)\u201d Taxonomic Frameworks","volume":"42","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Anderson, M.J. (2017). Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, John and Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurtz, Z.D., M\u00fcller, C.L., Miraldi, E.R., Littman, D.R., Blaser, M.J., and Bonneau, R.A. (2015). Sparse and Compositionally Robust Inference of Microbial Ecological Networks. PLoS Comput. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004226"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/7\/6571\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:07:54Z","timestamp":1760123274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/7\/6571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24076571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24076571","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]}}}