{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:04:06Z","timestamp":1790813046912,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) program \u201cDepartments of Excellence 2018\u20132022\u201d, AGING Project","award":["20160384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20160384"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) program \u201cDepartments of Excellence 2018\u20132022\u201d, AGING Project","award":["2018-00932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-00932"]}]},{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine (DIMET), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO)","award":["20160384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20160384"]}]},{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine (DIMET), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO)","award":["2018-00932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-00932"]}]},{"name":"CIMED","award":["20160384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20160384"]}]},{"name":"CIMED","award":["2018-00932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-00932"]}]},{"name":"Heart and Lung Foundation","award":["20160384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20160384"]}]},{"name":"Heart and Lung Foundation","award":["2018-00932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-00932"]}]},{"name":"Westman and Swedish Medical Research Council","award":["20160384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20160384"]}]},{"name":"Westman and Swedish Medical Research Council","award":["2018-00932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-00932"]}]},{"name":"GOING-FWD Consortium","award":["20160384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20160384"]}]},{"name":"GOING-FWD Consortium","award":["2018-00932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-00932"]}]},{"name":"GENDER-NET Plus ERA-NET Initiative","award":["20160384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20160384"]}]},{"name":"GENDER-NET Plus ERA-NET Initiative","award":["2018-00932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-00932"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kidney transplantation (KT) may improve the neurological status of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, reflected by the altered levels of circulating BBB-specific biomarkers. This study compares the levels of neuron specific enolase (NSE), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurofilament light chain (NfL), and circulating plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) in kidney-failure patients before KT and at a two-year follow up. Using ELISA, NSE, BDNF, and NfL levels were measured in the plasma of 74 living-donor KT patients. Plasma EVs were isolated with ultracentrifugation, and characterized for concentration\/size and surface protein expression using flow cytometry from a subset of 25 patients. Lower NSE levels, and higher BDNF and NfL were observed at the two-year follow-up compared to the baseline (p &lt; 0.05). Male patients had significantly higher BDNF levels compared to those of females. BBB biomarkers correlated with the baseline lipid profile and with glucose, vitamin D, and inflammation markers after KT. BBB surrogate marker changes in the microcirculation of early vascular aging phenotype patients with calcification and\/or fibrosis were observed only in NSE and BDNF. CD31+ microparticles from endothelial cells expressing inflammatory markers such as CD40 and integrins were significantly reduced after KT. KT may, thus, improve the neurological status of CKD patients, as reflected by changes in BBB-specific biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T03:08:31Z","timestamp":1680491311000},"page":"6628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Biomarkers before and after Kidney Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7443-1626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3320-1461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liam J.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 587 58 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8050-9100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samsul","family":"Arefin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Barany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Wennberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0946-5202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"S\u00f6derberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8879-9536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4120-3555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Cantaluppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Unit, Department of Translational Medicine (DIMET), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), \u201cMaggiore della Carita\u201d University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8785-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Stenvinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4841-6836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Kublickiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease, 1990\u20132017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"395","author":"Bikbov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01568-8","article-title":"Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease by KDIGO Categories of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria: A Systematic Review","volume":"38","author":"Murton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. 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