{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:02:53Z","timestamp":1760148173745,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kennesaw State University CSM-SEED","award":["4322205Q-MP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4322205Q-MP"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we examined zinc trafficking in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) stimulated with Crotalus atrox (CA venom) snake venom. We utilized MTS cytotoxicity assays to monitor the cytotoxic range of CA venom. HUVEC monolayers stimulated with 10 \u00b5g\/mL CA venom for 3 h displayed cellular retraction, which coincided with 53.0 \u00b1 6.5 percent viability. In contrast, venom concentrations of 100 \u00b5g\/mL produced a complete disruption of cellular adherence and viability decreased to 36.6 \u00b1 1.0. The zinc probe Fluozin-3AM was used to detect intracellular zinc in non-stimulated controls, HUVEC stimulated with 10 \u00b5g\/mL CA venom or HUVEC preincubated with TPEN for 2 h then stimulated with 10 \u00b5g\/mL CA venom. Fluorescent intensity analysis returned values of 1434.3 \u00b1 197.4 for CA venom demonstrating an increase of about two orders of magnitude in labile zinc compared to non-stimulated controls. Endothelial response to CA venom induced a 96.1 \u00b1 3.0- and 4.4 \u00b1 0.41-fold increase in metallothionein 1X (MT1X) and metallothionein 2A (MT2A) gene expression. Zinc chelation during CA venom stimulation significantly increased cell viability, suggesting that the maintenance of zinc homeostasis during envenomation injury improves cell survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T02:59:43Z","timestamp":1680663583000},"page":"6763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intracellular Zinc Trafficking during Crotalus atrox Venom Wound Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8949-2758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric A.","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0883-5299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmine D.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Garbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abeeha","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Tomlins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200223","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200223","article-title":"Wound Healing: Cellular Mechanisms and Pathological Outcomes: Cellular Mechanisms of Wound Repair","volume":"10","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55644-3","article-title":"High Levels of Oxidative Stress and Skin Microbiome Are Critical for Initiation and Development of Chronic Wounds in Diabetic Mice","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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