{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:39:52Z","timestamp":1791200392639,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontitis is a common disorder affecting the bone and soft tissues of the periodontal complex. When untreated, it may lead to severe mobility or even loss of teeth. The pathogenesis of periodontitis is complex, with crucial factors being chronic inflammation in gingival and periodontal tissues and oral microbiome alterations. However, recent studies highlight the alleged role of vitamins, such as vitamin C (VitC) and vitamin D (VitD), in the development of the disease. VitC regulates numerous biochemical reactions, but foremost, it is involved in synthesizing collagen. It was reported that VitC deficiency could lead to damage to the periodontal ligaments. VitC supplementation improves postoperative outcomes in patients with periodontitis. VitD is a steroid derivative that can be produced in the skin under ultraviolet radiation and later transformed into an active form in other tissues, such as the kidneys. VitD was established to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in gingiva and regulate the proper mineral density of teeth. Moreover, the supplementation of VitD was associated with better results in the nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge on the role of vitamins C and D in the pathogenesis and treatment of periodontitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T02:59:43Z","timestamp":1680663583000},"page":"6774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Role of Vitamin C and Vitamin D in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Periodontitis\u2014Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4754-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Ustianowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Ustianowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Gurazda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Rusi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9136-8406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Ostrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6557-1208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Pawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17038","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.38","article-title":"Periodontal diseases","volume":"3","author":"Kinane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766944","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.766944","article-title":"Periodontal Disease: The Good, The Bad, and The Unknown","volume":"11","author":"Sedghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2012.07.007","article-title":"Complement and dysbiosis in periodontal disease","volume":"217","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587279","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/587279","article-title":"Mixed red-complex bacterial infection in periodontitis","volume":"2013","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100319","article-title":"Salivary stress markers, stress, and periodontitis: A pilot study","volume":"82","author":"Rai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13094","article-title":"The influence of an anti-inflammatory diet on gingivitis. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Woelber","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12446","article-title":"Vitamin C: The known and the unknown and Goldilocks","volume":"22","author":"Padayatty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.005157","article-title":"Vitamin C","volume":"5","author":"Lykkesfeldt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-013-0375-3","article-title":"Vitamin C in disease prevention and cure: An overview","volume":"28","author":"Chambial","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemil\u00e4, H. (2017). Vitamin C and Infections. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040339"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.6.1135s","article-title":"Ascorbate requirement for hydroxylation and secretion of procollagen: Relationship to inhibition of collagen synthesis in scurvy","volume":"54","author":"Peterkofsky","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dosed\u011bl, M., Jirkovsk\u00fd, E., Mac\u00e1kov\u00e1, K., Kr\u010dmov\u00e1, L.K., Javorsk\u00e1, L., Pourov\u00e1, J., Mercolini, L., Remi\u00e3o, F., Nov\u00e1kov\u00e1, L., and Mlad\u011bnka, P. (2021). Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020615"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.06.070186.002053","article-title":"The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid","volume":"6","author":"Englard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.13.9.1007","article-title":"Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions?","volume":"13","author":"Carr","year":"1999","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carr, A.C., and Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111211"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1131-2","article-title":"Ascorbate-dependent vasopressor synthesis: A rationale for vitamin C administration in severe sepsis and septic shock?","volume":"19","author":"Carr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.4.1080S","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency: A worldwide problem with health consequences","volume":"87","author":"Holick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0312-5","article-title":"New aspects of vitamin D metabolism and action\u2014addressing the skin as source and target","volume":"16","author":"Bikle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16754","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M310271200","article-title":"Inactivation of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase and vitamin D receptor demonstrates independent and interdependent effects of calcium and vitamin D on skeletal and mineral homeostasis","volume":"279","author":"Panda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, Y., and Fleet, J.C. (2009). Intestinal vitamin D receptor is required for normal calcium and bone metabolism in mice. Gastroenterology, 136.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.12.051"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.600","article-title":"Prevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"169","author":"Willett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5072502","article-title":"Vitamin D and immune function","volume":"5","author":"Prietl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.011684","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on pancreatic \u03b2 cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia in adults at high risk of diabetes: The Calcium and Vitamin D for Diabetes Mellitus (CaDDM) randomized controlled trial","volume":"94","author":"Mitri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0298","article-title":"The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Pittas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0584fje","article-title":"1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates human adipocyte metabolism via nongenomic action","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s002469900464","article-title":"Cardiac functions in children with vitamin D deficiency rickets","volume":"20","author":"Uysal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.248039","article-title":"25-hydroxyvitamin d levels and risk of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and early death: Population-based study and meta-analyses of 18 and 17 studies","volume":"32","author":"Benn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.12.3472S","article-title":"Vitamin D and skin cancer","volume":"134","author":"Bikle","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botelho, J., Machado, V., Proen\u00e7a, L., Delgado, A.S., and Mendes, J.J. (2020). Vitamin D Deficiency and Oral Health: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051471"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702-0322807-12","article-title":"Ascorbic acid blocks the growth inhibitory effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on endothelial cells","volume":"228","author":"Saeed","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.62.1.267","article-title":"Effects of culture conditions on the proliferation, morphology and migration of bovine aortic endothelial cells","volume":"62","author":"Schor","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(87)90259-0","article-title":"Relative distribution of fibronectin and type I, III, IV, V collagens in normal and atherosclerotic intima of human arteries","volume":"67","author":"Shekhonin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-189","article-title":"Effect of high-dose intravenous vitamin C on inflammation in cancer patients","volume":"10","author":"Mikirova","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508147377","article-title":"Low dietary intake of beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid is associated with increased inflammatory and oxidative stress status in a Swedish cohort","volume":"101","author":"Helmersson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13896","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13896","article-title":"Metabolomic alterations in human cancer cells by vitamin C-induced oxidative stress","volume":"5","author":"Uetaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000531351.85866.d9","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin B Complex and Vitamin C on Human Skin Cells: Is the Perceived Effect Measurable?","volume":"31","author":"Rembe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Skin Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pullar, J.M., Carr, A.C., and Vissers, M.C.M. (2017). The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080866"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2712","article-title":"Effect of vitamin C administration on hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity in periodontal ligament cells","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-3338","article-title":"Evaluation of Regenerative Potential of Locally Delivered Vitamin C along with Microneedling in the Treatment of Deficient Interdental Papilla: A Clinical Study","volume":"23","author":"Ahuja","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3109\/19390211.2013.790332","article-title":"A short-term evaluation of the relationship between plasma ascorbic acid levels and periodontal disease in systemically healthy and type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects","volume":"10","author":"Gokhale","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.H., Shin, M.S., Kim, E.J., Ahn, Y.B., and Kim, H.D. (2017). The association of dietary vitamin C intake with periodontitis among Korean adults: Results from KNHANES \u2163. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177074"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-016-0914-x","article-title":"Association of Some Vitamins and Minerals with Periodontitis in a Nationally Representative Sample of Korean Young Adults","volume":"178","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tada, A., and Miura, H. (2019). The Relationship between Vitamin C and Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201906.0007.v1"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.3.657","article-title":"The prevalence of inflammatory periodontitis is negatively associated with serum antioxidant concentrations","volume":"137","author":"Chapple","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munday, M.R., Rodricks, R., Fitzpatrick, M., Flood, V.M., and Gunton, J.E. (2020). A Pilot Study Examining Vitamin C Levels in Periodontal Patients. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082255"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S903","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_94_22","article-title":"Assessment of Vitamin C Levels in Periodontal Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Palestine","volume":"14","author":"Assaf","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12647","article-title":"Role of vitamin C in wound healing after dental implant surgery in patients treated with bone grafts and patients with chronic periodontitis","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"40","article-title":"1,25(OH)","volume":"27","author":"Lang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosignals"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latic, N., and Erben, R.G. (2020). Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease, with Emphasis on Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, and Heart Failure. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186483"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2154381","article-title":"The role of vitamin D deficiency in the development of paediatric diseases","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13083","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in periodontal health and disease","volume":"58","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051374","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1051374","article-title":"Calcitriol-enhanced autophagy in gingival epithelium attenuates periodontal inflammation in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.12.016","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications","volume":"21","author":"Bikle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e3282ff64a3","article-title":"Vitamin D and the immune system: Role in protection against bacterial infection","volume":"17","author":"Bikle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2012-1012","article-title":"The roles of vitamin D in skeletal muscle: Form, function, and metabolism","volume":"34","author":"Girgis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2023.106248","article-title":"Comparison of calcifediol with vitamin D for prevention or cure of vitamin D deficiency","volume":"228","author":"Bouillon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000455380","article-title":"Chapter 13: Diet and Periodontal Diseases","volume":"28","author":"Woelber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Monogr. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00488-6","article-title":"Local and systemic mechanisms linking periodontal disease and inflammatory comorbidities","volume":"21","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costantini, E., Sinjari, B., Piscopo, F., Porreca, A., Reale, M., Caputi, S., and Murmura, G. (2020). Evaluation of Salivary Cytokines and Vitamin D Levels in Periodontopathic Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082669"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_349_19","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b3, RXR, VDR, and COX-2 Expressions in gingival tissue samples of healthy individuals, periodontitis and peri-implantitis patients","volume":"23","author":"Taskan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machado, V., Lobo, S., Proen\u00e7a, L., Mendes, J.J., and Botelho, J. (2020). Vitamin D and Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082177"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.19-0510","article-title":"Calcitriol decreases live Porphyromonas gingivalis internalized into epithelial cells and monocytes by promoting autophagy","volume":"91","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.17-0357","article-title":"Vitamin D reduces the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in rat models of periodontitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"61","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2019.108570","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D","volume":"156","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20180713","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2018-0713","article-title":"Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on experimental periodontitis and AhR\/NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in a mouse model","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"145","article-title":"Expression of vitamin D receptor and vitamin D status in patients with oral neoplasms and effect of vitamin D supplementation on quality of life in advanced cancer treatment","volume":"21","author":"Anand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contemp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jagelavi\u010dien\u0117, E., Vaitkevi\u010dien\u0117, I., \u0160ilingait\u0117, D., \u0160ink\u016bnait\u0117, E., and Daug\u0117lait\u0117, G. (2018). The Relationship between Vitamin D and Periodontal Pathology. Medicina, 54.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina54030045"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.01.020","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D status on oral health","volume":"175","author":"Uwitonze","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132420","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1132420","article-title":"The effect of the \u201cOral-Gut\u201d axis on periodontitis in inflammatory bowel disease: A review of microbe and immune mechanism associations","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butera, A., Maiorani, C., Gallo, S., Pascadopoli, M., Venugopal, A., Marya, A., and Scribante, A. (2022). Evaluation of Adjuvant Systems in Non-Surgical Peri-Implant Treatment: A Literature Review. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10050886"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708601111","article-title":"Guiding periodontal pocket recolonization: A proof of concept","volume":"86","author":"Teughels","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e095","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0095","article-title":"New tendencies in non-surgical periodontal therapy","volume":"35","author":"Haas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20737","article-title":"Prebiotics in chronic intestinal inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Dieleman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_173_18","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of Vitamin D receptors in periodontal ligament tissue of Vitamin D-deficient chronic periodontitis patients before and after supplementation of Vitamin D3","volume":"23","author":"Patil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12719","article-title":"Effect of short-term vitamin D supplementation after nonsurgical periodontal treatment: A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"55","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.1.108","article-title":"Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and periodontal disease in the US population","volume":"80","author":"Dietrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12746","article-title":"Association of vitamin D in patients with periodontitis: A cross-sectional study","volume":"55","author":"Isola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511407771","article-title":"The impact of vitamin D status on periodontal surgery outcomes","volume":"90","author":"Bashutski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.120445","article-title":"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and periodontal disease in postmenopausal women","volume":"84","author":"Millen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12207","article-title":"Low serum level of 1,25(OH)2 D is associated with chronic periodontitis","volume":"50","author":"Antonoglou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebersole, J.L., Lambert, J., Bush, H., Huja, P.E., and Basu, A. (2018). Serum Nutrient Levels and Aging Effects on Periodontitis. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121986"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100384","article-title":"Vitamin D status and periodontal disease among pregnant women","volume":"82","author":"Boggess","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12751","article-title":"Supplementation of vitamin D in pregnancy and its correlation with feto-maternal outcome","volume":"83","author":"Sablok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2018.01.36","article-title":"Relationship among Hypovitaminosis D, Maternal Periodontal Disease, and Low Birth Weight","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.765849","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S171","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12947","article-title":"Manifestations of systemic diseases and conditions that affect the periodontal attachment apparatus: Case definitions and diagnostic considerations","volume":"45","author":"Albandar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12226","article-title":"Role of periodontal therapy in management of common complex systemic diseases and conditions: An update","volume":"78","author":"Sabharwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2019.1597160","article-title":"Associations between vitamin D receptor genetic variants and periodontitis: A meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2019.0021","article-title":"Role of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms on the Susceptibility to Periodontitis: A Meta-Analysis of a Controversial Issue","volume":"23","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genet. Test Mol. Biomark."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.5606\/tftrd.2022.9821","article-title":"FokI polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor gene in patients with hip osteoarthritis: A case-control study","volume":"68","author":"Ege","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isola, G. (2020). The Impact of Diet, Nutrition and Nutraceuticals on Oral and Periodontal Health. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092724"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santonocito, S., Giudice, A., Polizzi, A., Troiano, G., Merlo, E.M., Sclafani, R., Grosso, G., and Isola, G. (2022). A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System\u2019s Response during Periodontitis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122426"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12484","article-title":"Vitamin C promotes wound healing through novel pleiotropic mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Mohammed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/7\/6774\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:10:20Z","timestamp":1760123420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/7\/6774"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24076774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24076774","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]}}}