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contract","award":["CM21\/00252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM21\/00252"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to identify inflammatory factors and soluble cytokines that act as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). We performed a nested prospective observational case\u2013control study of patients with RA-ILD matched by sex, age, and time since the diagnosis of RA. All participants underwent pulmonary function testing and high-resolution computed tomography. ILD was defined according to the criteria of the American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society; the progression of lung disease was defined as the worsening of FVC &gt; 10% or DLCO &gt; 15%. Inflammation-related variables included the inflammatory activity measured using the DAS28-ESR and a multiplex cytokine assay. Two Cox regression models were run to identify factors associated with ILD and the progression of ILD. The study population comprised 70 patients: 35 patients with RA-ILD (cases) and 35 RA patients without ILD (controls). A greater percentage of cases had higher DAS28-ESR (p = 0.032) and HAQ values (p = 0.003). The variables associated with RA-ILD in the Cox regression analysis were disease activity (DAS28) (HR [95% CI], 2.47 [1.17\u20135.22]; p = 0.017) and high levels of ACPA (HR [95% CI], 2.90 [1.24\u20136.78]; p = 0.014), IL-18 in pg\/mL (HR [95% CI], 1.06 [1.00\u20131.12]; p = 0.044), MCP-1\/CCL2 in pg\/mL (HR [95% CI], 1.03 [1.00\u20131.06]; p = 0.049), and SDF-1 in pg\/mL (HR [95% CI], 1.00 [1.00\u20131.00]; p = 0.010). The only variable associated with the progression of ILD was IL-18 in pg\/mL (HR [95% CI], 1.25 [1.07\u20131.46]; p = 0.004). Our data support that the inflammatory activity was higher in patients with RA-ILD than RA patients without ILD. Some cytokines were associated with both diagnosis and poorer prognosis in patients with RA-ILD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T02:29:58Z","timestamp":1680748198000},"page":"6800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis\u2013Associated Interstitial Lung Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6173-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Mena-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Reumatolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29009 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Godoy-Navarrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UGC de Reumatolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario de Ja\u00e9n, 23007 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9125-2208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Manuel","family":"Lisbona-Monta\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Reumatolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29009 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Dermatolog\u00eda, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Redondo-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Reumatolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29009 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Dermatolog\u00eda, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2284-7846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Manrique-Arija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Reumatolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29009 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Dermatolog\u00eda, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1196-0352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Rioja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Dermatolog\u00eda, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7431-7225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkaitz","family":"Mucientes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Reumatolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29009 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3820-428X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Ruiz-Lim\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Endocrinolog\u00eda y Nutrici\u00f3n, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimara","family":"Garcia-Studer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Reumatolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29009 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Ortiz-M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Reumatolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29009 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Dermatolog\u00eda, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3452-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Oliver-Martos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cano-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Reumatolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29009 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2962-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Nebro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Reumatolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29009 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Dermatolog\u00eda, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mena-V\u00e1zquez, N., Rojas-Gimenez, M., Romero-Barco, C., Manrique-Arija, S., Francisco, E., Aguilar-Hurtado, M., A\u00f1\u00f3n-O\u00f1ate, I., P\u00e9rez-Albaladejo, L., Ortega-Castro, R., and Godoy-Navarrete, F. 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J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mena-V\u00e1zquez, N., Rojas-Gimenez, M., Fuego-Varela, C., Garc\u00eda-Studer, A., Perez-G\u00f3mez, N., Romero-Barco, C.M., Godoy-Navarrete, F.J., Manrique-Arija, S., Gand\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez, M., and Calvo-Guti\u00e9rrez, J. (2022). Safety and Effectiveness of Abatacept in a Prospective Cohort of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis\u2013Associated Interstitial Lung Disease. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071480"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florescu, A., Gherghina, F.L., Mu\u0219etescu, A.E., P\u0103dureanu, V., Ro\u0219u, A., Florescu, M.M., Criveanu, C., Florescu, L.M., and Bobirc\u0103, A. (2022). Novel Biomarkers, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach in Rheumatoid Arthritis Interstitial Lung Disease-A Narrative Review. 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