{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:08:33Z","timestamp":1791925713749,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["HL-137004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL-137004"]}]},{"name":"David and Helen Boone Foundation Research Fund","award":["HL-137004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL-137004"]}]},{"name":"Adela and Alfred Mundt Foundation for Heart Failure Research","award":["HL-137004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL-137004"]}]},{"name":"University of Toledo Women and Philanthropy Genetic Analysis Instrumentation Center","award":["HL-137004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL-137004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paraoxonase enzymes serve as an important physiological redox system that participates in the protection against cellular injury caused by oxidative stress. The PON enzymes family consists of three members (PON-1, PON-2, and PON-3) that share a similar structure and location as a cluster on human chromosome 7. These enzymes exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with well-described roles in preventing cardiovascular disease. Perturbations in PON enzyme levels and their activity have also been linked with the development and progression of many neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. The current review summarizes the available evidence on the role of PONs in these diseases and their ability to modify risk factors for neurological disorders. We present the current findings on the role of PONs in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and other neurodegenerative and neurological diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24086881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T04:08:03Z","timestamp":1680840483000},"page":"6881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Paraoxonases at the Heart of Neurological Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1997-0977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatimah K.","family":"Khalaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alkafeel College of Medicine, Najaf 54001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8315-8338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bella","family":"Khatib-Shahidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulsahib","family":"Albehadili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"},{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering Technology, College of Information Technology, Imam Ja\u2019afar Al-Sadiq University, Najaf 54001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Tassavvor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghana","family":"Ranabothu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabhatchandra","family":"Dube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samer J.","family":"Khouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6919-6342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven T.","family":"Haller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5265-0142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, C.J., Lamichhane, S., Connolly, J.A., Soehnlen, S.M., Khalaf, F.K., Malhotra, D., Haller, S.T., Isailovic, D., and Kennedy, D.J. 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