{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T05:05:49Z","timestamp":1771304749798,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013326","name":"Mercator Research Centre Ruhr (MERCUR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["An-2015-0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["An-2015-0009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013326","name":"Mercator Research Centre Ruhr (MERCUR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D\/107-81240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D\/107-81240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013326","name":"Mercator Research Centre Ruhr (MERCUR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["491780329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["491780329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programm zur internen Forschungsf\u00f6rderung Essen (IFORES)","award":["An-2015-0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["An-2015-0009"]}]},{"name":"Programm zur internen Forschungsf\u00f6rderung Essen (IFORES)","award":["D\/107-81240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D\/107-81240"]}]},{"name":"Programm zur internen Forschungsf\u00f6rderung Essen (IFORES)","award":["491780329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["491780329"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["An-2015-0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["An-2015-0009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D\/107-81240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D\/107-81240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["491780329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["491780329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Duisburg-Essen","award":["An-2015-0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["An-2015-0009"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Duisburg-Essen","award":["D\/107-81240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D\/107-81240"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Duisburg-Essen","award":["491780329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["491780329"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fetal adaptations to harmful intrauterine environments due to pregnancy disorders such as preeclampsia (PE) can negatively program the offspring\u2019s metabolism, resulting in long-term metabolic changes. PE is characterized by increased circulating levels of sFLT1, placental dysfunction and fetal growth restriction (FGR). Here we examine the consequences of systemic human sFLT1 overexpression in transgenic PE\/FGR mice on the offspring\u2019s metabolic phenotype. Histological and molecular analyses of fetal and offspring livers as well as examinations of offspring serum hormones were performed. At 18.5 dpc, sFLT1 overexpression resulted in growth-restricted fetuses with a reduced liver weight, combined with reduced hepatic glycogen storage and histological signs of hemorrhages and hepatocyte apoptosis. This was further associated with altered gene expression of the molecules involved in fatty acid and glucose\/glycogen metabolism. In most analyzed features males were more affected than females. The postnatal follow-up revealed an increased weight gain of male PE offspring, and increased serum levels of Insulin and Leptin. This was associated with changes in hepatic gene expression regulating fatty acid and glucose metabolism in male PE offspring. To conclude, our results indicate that sFLT1-related PE\/FGR in mice leads to altered fetal liver development, which might result in an adverse metabolic pre-programming of the offspring, specifically targeting males. This could be linked to the known sex differences seen in PE pregnancies in human.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24086885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T04:08:03Z","timestamp":1680840483000},"page":"6885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Growth-Restricted Fetuses and Offspring Reveal Adverse Sex-Specific Metabolic Responses in Preeclamptic Mice Expressing Human sFLT1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Rebekka","family":"Vogtmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0845-0439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mian","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monia Vanessa","family":"Dewan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology & Experimental perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, C-TNBS, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Riedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Kimmig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Felderhoff-M\u00fcser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology & Experimental perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, C-TNBS, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9751-3640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Bendix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology & Experimental perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioural Sciences, C-TNBS, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Pl\u00f6sch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Perinatal Neurobiology Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9506-4581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Gellhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6761.1111","article-title":"The fetal and infant origins of adult disease","volume":"301","author":"Barker","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2004.10719428","article-title":"The developmental origins of adult disease","volume":"23","author":"Barker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1315","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00071.2020","article-title":"Preeclampsia beyond pregnancy: Long-term consequences for mother and child","volume":"318","author":"Turbeville","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.02.007","article-title":"Metabolic adaptations to early life protein restriction differ by offspring sex and post-weaning diet in the mouse","volume":"22","author":"Whitaker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0325","article-title":"Suboptimal maternal nutrition, during early fetal liver development, promotes lipid accumulation in the liver of obese offspring","volume":"141","author":"Hyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"251","article-title":"The Intersection of Maternal Metabolic Syndrome, Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes, and Future Metabolic Health for the Mother and Offspring","volume":"20","author":"Girardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13411","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13411","article-title":"Long-term effects of preeclampsia on metabolic and biochemical outcomes in offspring: What can be expected from a meta-analysis?","volume":"23","author":"Bi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l2381","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l2381","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia: Pathophysiology and clinical implications","volume":"366","author":"Burton","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60279-6","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia","volume":"376","author":"Steegers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2019.07.004","article-title":"The two-stage placental model of preeclampsia: An update","volume":"134\u2013135","author":"Staff","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17189","article-title":"Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia","volume":"111","author":"Maynard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20110097","article-title":"Angiogenic growth factors in the diagnosis and prediction of pre-eclampsia","volume":"122","author":"Verlohren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-006-9055-8","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1\/Flt-1): A dual regulator for angiogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Shibuya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25789","article-title":"Placental-Specific Overexpression of sFlt-1 Alters Trophoblast Differentiation and Nutrient Transporter Expression in an IUGR Mouse Model","volume":"118","author":"Kuhnel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00165","article-title":"Human sFLT1 Leads to Severe Changes in Placental Differentiation and Vascularization in a Transgenic hsFLT1\/rtTA FGR Mouse Model","volume":"10","author":"Vogtmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dmm035980","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.035980","article-title":"A double-hit pre-eclampsia model results in sex-specific growth restriction patterns","volume":"12","author":"Stojanovska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1107","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00420.2017","article-title":"Placental insufficiency contributes to fatty acid metabolism alterations in aged female mouse offspring","volume":"315","author":"Stojanovska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R213","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-20-0007","article-title":"Placental glycogen stores and fetal growth: Insights from genetic mouse models","volume":"159","author":"Tunster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youssef, L., Crovetto, F., Simoes, R.V., Miranda, J., Paules, C., Blasco, M., Palomo, M., Garcia-Caldero, H., Tura-Ceide, O., and Dantas, A.P. (2022). The Interplay between Pathophysiological Pathways in Early-Onset Severe Preeclampsia Unveiled by Metabolomics. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12010086"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17567","article-title":"Circulating Maternal sFLT1 (Soluble fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1) Is Sufficient to Impair Spiral Arterial Remodeling in a Preeclampsia Mouse Model","volume":"78","author":"Vogtmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3024032","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3024032","article-title":"Systemic Maternal Human sFLT1 Overexpression Leads to an Impaired Foetal Brain Development of Growth-Restricted Foetuses upon Experimental Preeclampsia","volume":"2022","author":"Vogtmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.10.044","article-title":"Adiposity in adolescent offspring born prematurely to mothers with preeclampsia","volume":"162","author":"Washburn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Kaplan, J.B., Kalra, A., and Biggins, S.W. (2017). Radiation Therapy for Liver Tumors, Springer."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giancotti, A., Monti, M., Nevi, L., Safarikia, S., D\u2019Ambrosio, V., Brunelli, R., Pajno, C., Corno, S., Di Donato, V., and Musella, A. (2019). Functions and the emerging role of the foetal liver into regenerative medicine. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080914"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199803000-00007","article-title":"Fetuses from preeclamptic mothers show reduced hepatic erythropoiesis","volume":"43","author":"Stallmach","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-200-43419","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of induction of key enzymes related to lipogenesis","volume":"200","author":"Noguchi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5008","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI99026","article-title":"Loss of placental growth factor ameliorates maternal hypertension and preeclampsia in mice","volume":"128","author":"Parchem","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.04.079","article-title":"Metabolomics of a mouse model of preeclampsia induced by overexpressing soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1","volume":"527","author":"Sato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174418000831","article-title":"In utero sFlt-1 exposure differentially affects gene expression patterns in fetal liver","volume":"10","author":"Stojanovska","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0190-7","article-title":"Mechanisms and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis","volume":"21","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.11.009","article-title":"SREBP1 Contributes to Resolution of Pro-inflammatory TLR4 Signaling by Reprogramming Fatty Acid Metabolism","volume":"25","author":"Oishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2006.01.004","article-title":"Fatty acid elongases in mammals: Their regulation and roles in metabolism","volume":"45","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G194","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00413.2005","article-title":"Lipid metabolism and liver inflammation. I. Hepatic fatty acid uptake: Possible role in steatosis","volume":"290","author":"Bradbury","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.05.022","article-title":"Down-regulation of transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor in programmed hepatic lipid dysregulation and inflammation in intrauterine growth-restricted offspring","volume":"199","author":"Magee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-009-0449-0","article-title":"Elovl6: A new player in fatty acid metabolism and insulin sensitivity","volume":"87","author":"Matsuzaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.21912","article-title":"Angiogenic markers are elevated in women with acute fatty liver of pregnancy","volume":"56","author":"Neuman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abascal-Saiz, A., Duque-Alcorta, M., Fioravantti, V., Antolin, E., Fuente-Luelmo, E., Haro, M., Ramos-Alvarez, M.P., Perdomo, G., and Bartha, J.L. (2022). The Relationship between Angiogenic Factors and Energy Metabolism in Preeclampsia. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14102172"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-022-01663-5","article-title":"Foetal lipoprotein oxidation and preeclampsia","volume":"21","author":"Ceballos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0766-9","article-title":"Oxidative modifications of foetal LDL-c and HDL-c lipoproteins in preeclampsia","volume":"17","author":"Espino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/380435a0","article-title":"Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele","volume":"380","author":"Carmeliet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.04.035","article-title":"miR-210 targets iron-sulfur cluster scaffold homologue in human trophoblast cell lines: Siderosis of interstitial trophoblasts as a novel pathology of preterm preeclampsia and small-for-gestational-age pregnancies","volume":"179","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-021-09687-5","article-title":"Leptin as a key regulator of the adipose organ","volume":"23","author":"Pico","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.02.031","article-title":"Prepregnancy obesity and sFlt1-induced preeclampsia in mice: Developmental programming model of metabolic syndrome","volume":"204","author":"Bytautiene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.01.044","article-title":"The effect of prepregnancy obesity and sFlt-1-induced preeclampsia-like syndrome on fetal programming of adult vascular function in a mouse model","volume":"200","author":"Byers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1239","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced intrauterine growth restriction increases the susceptibility of rats to high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Dolinsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-022-00458-8","article-title":"The maternal reduced uteroplacental perfusion model of preeclampsia induces sexually dimorphic metabolic responses in rat offspring","volume":"13","author":"Mohammadifard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S.W., Oh, M.J., Park, K.V., Han, S.W., Kim, H.S., Sohn, I.S., Kwon, H.S., Cho, G.J., and Hwang, H.S. (2021). Risk of Early Childhood Obesity in Offspring of Women with Preeclampsia: A Population-Based Study. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163758"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05040-3","article-title":"Sex differences in metabolic regulation and diabetes susceptibility","volume":"63","author":"Tramunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00780-3","article-title":"The Placenta\u2019s Role in Sexually Dimorphic Fetal Growth Strategies","volume":"29","author":"Christians","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18101206","article-title":"Maternal Bacterial Infection During Pregnancy and Offspring Risk of Psychotic Disorders: Variation by Severity of Infection and Offspring Sex","volume":"177","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp353","article-title":"DNA methylation differences after exposure to prenatal famine are common and timing- and sex-specific","volume":"18","author":"Tobi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507894438","article-title":"Feeding pregnant rats a protein-restricted diet persistently alters the methylation of specific cytosines in the hepatic PPAR alpha promoter of the offspring","volume":"100","author":"Lillycrop","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: An open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/8\/6885\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:11:45Z","timestamp":1760123505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/8\/6885"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24086885"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24086885","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]}}}