{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T18:44:15Z","timestamp":1785782655124,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EUROPEAN COMMISSION HORIZON 2020","award":["793328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["793328"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infectious keratitis is a vision-threatening microbial infection. The increasing antimicrobial resistance and the fact that severe cases often evolve into corneal perforation necessitate the development of alternative therapeutics for effective medical management. Genipin, a natural crosslinker, was recently shown to exert antimicrobial effects in an ex vivo model of microbial keratitis, highlighting its potential to serve as a novel treatment for infectious keratitis. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of genipin in an in vivo model of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) keratitis. Clinical scores, confocal microscopy, plate count, and histology were carried out to evaluate the severity of keratitis. To assess the effect of genipin on inflammation, the gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), were evaluated. Genipin treatment alleviated the severity of bacterial keratitis by reducing bacterial load and repressing neutrophil infiltration. The expression of interleukin 1B (IL1B), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 8 (IL8), interleukin 15 (IL15), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), and interferon \u03b3 (IFN\u03b3), as well as MMP2 and MMP9, were significantly reduced in genipin-treated corneas. Genipin promoted corneal proteolysis and host resistance to S. aureus and P. aeruginosa infection by suppressing inflammatory cell infiltration, regulating inflammatory mediators, and downregulating the expression of MMP2 and MMP9.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24086904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T03:26:06Z","timestamp":1681097166000},"page":"6904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Pilot Study to Evaluate Genipin in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis Models: Modulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Matrix Metalloproteinases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1099-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Huertas-Bello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Bogota DC, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2257-8981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerson Andr\u00e9s","family":"Cu\u00e9llar-S\u00e1enz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Parasitolog\u00eda Veterinaria, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Bogota DC, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian Nicolas","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bogota DC, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2641-604X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas Alfredo","family":"Cort\u00e9s-Vecino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Parasitolog\u00eda Veterinaria, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Bogota DC, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myriam Lucia","family":"Navarrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bogota DC, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel Yecid","family":"Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Bogota DC, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Koudouna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Bogota DC, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"},{"name":"Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5","article-title":"Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990\u20132020: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Flaxman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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