{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:20:06Z","timestamp":1792804806316,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,9]],"date-time":"2023-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW); Japan: Health Research on Children, Youth, and Families","award":["JPMH20DA1007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMH20DA1007"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03mwa7s65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW); Japan: Health Research on Children, Youth, and Families","award":["H29-Sukoyaka-Shitei 3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H29-Sukoyaka-Shitei 3"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03mwa7s65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The perception of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTlV-1) infection as a \u201csilent disease\u201d has recently given way to concern that its presence may be having a variety of effects. HTLV-1 is known to cause adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), an aggressive cancer of peripheral CD4 T cells; however, it is also responsible for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). Most patients develop ATL as a result of HTLV-1 mother-to-child transmission. The primary route of mother-to-child transmission is through the mother\u2019s milk. In the absence of effective drug therapy, total artificial nutrition such as exclusive formula feeding is a reliable means of preventing mother-to-child transmission after birth, except for a small percentage of prenatal infections. A recent study found that the rate of mother-to-child transmission with short-term breastfeeding (within 90 days) did not exceed that of total artificial nutrition. Because these preventive measures are in exchange for the benefits of breastfeeding, clinical applications of antiretroviral drugs and immunotherapy with vaccines and neutralizing antibodies are urgently needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24086961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T03:49:29Z","timestamp":1681098569000},"page":"6961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["How Can We Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of HTLV-1?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1270-6871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuo","family":"Itabashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aiseikai-Memorial Ibaraki Welfare and Medical Center, Ibaraki 3100836, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tokuo","family":"Miyazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 1428666, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaoru","family":"Uchimaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2961","article-title":"Why do viruses cause cancer? 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