{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T18:41:43Z","timestamp":1787856103075,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipidomics is a term used to define the field that analyzes the structure, functions, and interactions of lipids. Inflammatory dermatoses and lipid disturbances are interrelated, especially due to chronic inflammatory conditions. This review discusses lipidomics in selected inflammatory skin diseases: psoriasis, lichen planus, and atopic dermatitis, as well as the less commonly mentioned hidradenitis suppurativa, rosacea, and acne vulgaris. Lipid homeostasis disorders are common; they are especially well-documented in psoriasis, lichen planus, and atopic dermatitis. Future studies are required for better insight into this issue, particularly on the skin lipidome. Understanding lipidomics, in particular skin diseases, increases our knowledge about their pathogenesis, and may become useful in adjusting tailored management for each patient as well establishing prognosis. Noteworthily, it seems advisable to alert doctors to the need to analyze lipid parameters and the complications of abnormal lipid metabolism in dermatological patients, which could decrease their comorbidities and improve the life quality and health condition of dermatological patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T02:57:08Z","timestamp":1681268228000},"page":"7053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Lipid Alterations and Metabolism Disturbances in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6870-1167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Nowowiejska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14 St., 15-540 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8018-9960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Baran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14 St., 15-540 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Flisiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14 St., 15-540 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2021.100164","article-title":"The foundations and development of lipidomics","volume":"63","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/gix087","article-title":"Lipidomics profiling reveals the role of glycerophospholipid metabolism in psoriasis","volume":"6","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.E400004-JLR200","article-title":"A comprehensive classification system for lipids","volume":"46","author":"Fahy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2016.1177462","article-title":"Lipidomic analysis of epidermal lipids: A tool to predict progression of inflammatory skin disease in humans","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.04.011","article-title":"Lipidomics profiling of hidradenitis suppurativa skin lesions reveals lipoxygenase pathway dysregulation and accumulation of proinflammatory leukotriene B4","volume":"140","author":"Penno","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowowiejska, J., Baran, A., and Flisiak, I. (2021). Aberrations in lipid expression and metabolism in psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126561"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"The National Psoriais Foundation (2023, February 20). NPF Psoriasis Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/www.psoriasis.org\/psoriasis-statistics\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamiya, K., Kishimoto, M., Sugai, J., Komine, M., and Ohtsuki, M. (2019). Risk factors for the development of psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184347"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirotsu, C., Rydlewski, M., Ara\u00fajo, M.S., Tufik, S., and Andersen, M.L. (2012). Sleep loss and cytokines levels in an experimental model of psoriasis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051183"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tokuyama, M., and Mabuchi, T. (2020). New treatment addressing the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207488"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2174\/1574886315666200128095958","article-title":"Treatment of psoriasis: A comprehensive review of entire therapies","volume":"15","author":"Bakshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18044","article-title":"Psoriasis and metabolic syndrome: Implications for the management and treatment of psoriasis","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-006-0703-z","article-title":"Increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis","volume":"298","author":"Sommer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2019.91420","article-title":"Evaluation of serum lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein levels in psoriatic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies","volume":"36","author":"Ramezani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Dermatol. Allergol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.5114\/dr.2017.71834","article-title":"The role of lipids in psoriasis","volume":"104","author":"Baran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-016-1709-9","article-title":"Increase in circulating sphingosine-1-phosphate and decrease in ceramide levels in psoriatic patients","volume":"309","author":"Baran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shih, C.M., Chen, C.C., Chu, C.K., Wang, K.H., Huang, C.Y., and Lee, A.W. (2020). The roles of lipoprotein in psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030859"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2007.22.5.862","article-title":"A study on altered expression of serine palmitoyltransferase and ceramidase in psoriatic skin lesion","volume":"22","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.364","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3decreases ceramides with long-chain fatty acids: Possible involvement in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis","volume":"134","author":"Tawada","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.11.058","article-title":"Joint AAD-NPF guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with awareness and attention to comorbidities","volume":"80","author":"Elmets","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.IJD_111_18","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia among nigerians with lichen planus: A cross-sectional study","volume":"64","author":"Okpala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"62","article-title":"Dyslipidemia in Lichen Planus: A case-control study","volume":"54","author":"Ugurer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Bull. Sisli Etfal Hosp."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.02.010","article-title":"Lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses: Clinical overview and molecular basis","volume":"79","author":"Tziotzios","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15771","article-title":"Lichen planus: A comprehensive evidence-based analysis of medical treatment","volume":"33","author":"Gieler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_499_18","article-title":"Lichen planus and metabolic syndrome: Is there a relation?","volume":"10","author":"Singla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12329","article-title":"Homocysteine and other cardiovascular risk factors in patients with lichen planus","volume":"28","author":"Saleh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdvl.IJDVL_1080_16","article-title":"Subclinical atherosclerosis andcardiovascular markers in patients with lichen planus: A case\u2013control study","volume":"85","author":"Nasiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13905","article-title":"The relationship between lichen planus and metabolic syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Daye","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09235.x","article-title":"Lichen planus and dyslipidaemia: A case-control study","volume":"161","author":"Dreiher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e295","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13234","article-title":"Lichen planus and dyslipidemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"55","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1159\/000443478","article-title":"Aortic elastic properties and myocardial performance index are impaired in patients with lichen planus","volume":"25","author":"Koseoglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2015.11.016","article-title":"Does Lichen Planus Cause Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Impaired Endothelial Function?","volume":"32","author":"Aksu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilves, L., Ottas, A., Raam, L., Zilmer, M., Traks, T., Jaks, V., and Kingo, K. (2023). Changes in Lipoprotein Particles in the Blood Serum of Patients with Lichen Planus. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13010091"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14891","article-title":"Consensus-based European guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) in adults and children: Part I","volume":"32","author":"Wollenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P030338","article-title":"Increase in short-chain ceramides correlates with an altered lipid organization and decreased barrier function in atopic eczema patients","volume":"53","author":"Janssens","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Simoni, E., Rizzetto, G., Molinelli, E., Lucarini, G., Mattioli-Belmonte, M., Capodaglio, I., Ferretti, G., Bacchetti, T., Offidani, A., and Simonetti, O. (2022). Metabolic Comorbidities in Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis: A Narrative Review. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13010002"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.11.015","article-title":"Racial differences in atopic dermatitis","volume":"122","author":"Brunner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. Off. Publ. Am. Coll. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02727","article-title":"Leveraging Multilayered \u201cOmics\u201d Data for Atopic Dermatitis: A Road Map to Precision Medicine","volume":"9","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15642","article-title":"Atopic Dermatitis and the Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-sectional Study of 116,816 Patients","volume":"33","author":"Shalom","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810092","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.810092","article-title":"Association Between Atopic Dermatitis, Asthma, and Serum Lipids: A UK Biobank Based Observational Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2441","article-title":"Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Atopic Dermatitis in Korean Adults","volume":"97","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000491593","article-title":"Association between Atopic Dermatitis and the Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review","volume":"234","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-018-0383-4","article-title":"Major Comorbidities of Atopic Dermatitis: Beyond Allergic Disorders","volume":"19","author":"Paller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13391","article-title":"Association of serum lipid parameters with the SCORAD index and onset of atopic dermatitis in children","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13620","article-title":"Abnormal composition and function of high-density lipoproteins in atopic dermatitis patients","volume":"74","author":"Trieb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacig.2022.03.002","article-title":"Cord blood sphingolipids are associated with atopic dermatitis and wheeze in the first year of life","volume":"1","author":"Hoji","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Glob."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavel, P., Blunder, S., Moosbrugger-Martinz, V., Elias, P.M., and Dubrac, S. (2022). Atopic Dermatitis: The Fate of the Fat. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042121"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.161","article-title":"Changes in the ceramide profile of atopic dermatitis patients","volume":"130","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M071738","article-title":"Sweat lipid mediator profiling: A noninvasive approach for cutaneous research","volume":"58","author":"Agrawal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14185","article-title":"Stratum corneum lipidomics analysis reveals altered ceramide profile in atopic dermatitis patients across body sites with correlated changes in skin microbiome","volume":"30","author":"Emmert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.08.090","article-title":"Hidradenitis suppurativa: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and pathogenesis","volume":"82","author":"Goldburg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15910","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and hidradenitis suppurativa: Epidemiological, molecular, and therapeutic aspects","volume":"61","author":"Mintoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2014.1165","article-title":"Association of metabolic syndrome and hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"150","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-018-0264-z","article-title":"The Comorbidity Burden of Hidradenitis Suppurativa in the United States: A Claims Data Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Kimball","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv00239","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3597","article-title":"Hidradenitis Suppurativa is Associated with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Cross-sectional Study","volume":"100","author":"DeGracia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01377-6","article-title":"Atherogenic index of plasma is associated with the severity of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A case-control study","volume":"19","author":"Blanco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14517","article-title":"Recommendations for the management of comorbidity in hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"32","author":"Dauden","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14091","article-title":"An Update on the Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics of Seborrheic Dermatitis","volume":"29","author":"Adalsteinsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2018.1473554","article-title":"Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis: A comprehensive review","volume":"30","author":"Borda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6079","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15121","article-title":"Investigation of the relationship between seborrheic dermatitis and metabolic syndrome parameters","volume":"21","author":"Hayran","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e158","DOI":"10.5114\/amsad.2016.65075","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome may be an important comorbidity in patients with seborrheic dermatitis","volume":"1","author":"Imamoglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci. Atheroscler. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"759","article-title":"Uber Menge und Zusammensetzung der Hautoberflachenlipide beim sogenannten seborrhoischen Ekzem","volume":"158","author":"Gloor","year":"1972","journal-title":"Derm. Mschr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-1811(91)90016-Q","article-title":"Skin surface lipids in HIV sero-positive and HIV sero-negative patients affected with seborrheic dermatitis","volume":"2","author":"Passi","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1977.tb14293.x","article-title":"Skin surface lipids in seborrheic dermatitis","volume":"97","author":"Pye","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5128376","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5128376","article-title":"Assessing Biophysical and Physiological Profiles of Scalp Seborrheic Dermatitis in the Thai Population","volume":"2019","author":"Suchonwanit","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-021-00595-7","article-title":"Rosacea: New Concepts in Classification and Treatment","volume":"22","author":"Arents","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2016.2748","article-title":"The relationship between rosacea and insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Akbaba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15492","article-title":"Evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis in rosacea patients by flow-mediated dilatation method","volume":"22","author":"Caf","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.08.032","article-title":"Obesity and risk for incident rosacea in US women","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14353","article-title":"Systemic comorbidities associated with rosacea: A multicentric retrospective observational study","volume":"58","author":"Aksoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.113","article-title":"Association between rosacea and cardiometabolic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13884","article-title":"Association between rosacea and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.04.028","article-title":"Cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with rosacea: A nationwide case-control study from Taiwan","volume":"73","author":"Hua","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7015249","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7015249","article-title":"Association between Rosacea and Cardiovascular Diseases and Related Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2020","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12234","article-title":"Rosacea and cardiovascu- lar risk factors: A case control study","volume":"28","author":"Duman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"51","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with rosacea","volume":"156","author":"Turan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Dermatol. Venerol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2018.30.6.676","article-title":"The Risk of Rosacea According to Chronic Diseases and Medications: A 5-Year Retrospective, Multi-Institutional Case-Control Study","volume":"30","author":"Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv00300","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3668","article-title":"Cardiovascular Risk and Comorbidities in Patients with Rosacea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20176832","article-title":"Thickness of carotid intima and epicardial fat in rosacea: A cross-sectional study","volume":"92","author":"Belli","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1976.tb04365.x","article-title":"Skin surface lipid composition in rosacea","volume":"94","author":"Pye","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.02.025","article-title":"Rosacea Is Characterized by a Profoundly Diminished Skin Barrier","volume":"140","author":"Medgyesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.09.016","article-title":"Comorbidities in rosacea: A systematic review and update","volume":"78","author":"Haber","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.148","article-title":"Effect of tetracyclines on the development of vascular disease in veterans with acne or rosacea: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"134","author":"Dosal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96043-x","article-title":"Lipidomics of facial sebum in the comparison between acne and non-acne adolescents with dark skin","volume":"11","author":"Okoro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2019.1654075","article-title":"Acne vulgaris: New evidence in pathogenesis and future modalities of treatment","volume":"32","author":"Hazarika","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12761","article-title":"Acne patients frequently associated with abnormal plasma lipid profile","volume":"42","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2022.06.012","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomics analysis of the plasma metabolic signature of moderate-to-severe acne","volume":"533","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14009","article-title":"Consistency changes of potential lipid markers in acne patients of different ages and their role in acne pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13823","article-title":"Lipidomics Reveals the Role of Glycoceramide and Phosphatidylethanolamine in Infantile Acne","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13374","article-title":"Skin surface lipidomics revealed the correlation between lipidomic profile and grade in adolescent acne","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858176","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/858176","article-title":"Lipid mediators in acne","volume":"2010","author":"Ottaviani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.1.3.8473","article-title":"Sebum analysis of individuals with and without acne","volume":"1","author":"Pappas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermato-Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M067942","article-title":"Use of lipidomics to investigate sebum dysfunction in juvenile acne","volume":"57","author":"Camera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.006","article-title":"Acne vulgaris: The metabolic syndrome of the pilo-sebaceous follicle","volume":"36","author":"Melnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/8\/7053\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:13:48Z","timestamp":1760123628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/8\/7053"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24087053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24087053","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]}}}