{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:07:08Z","timestamp":1788926828203,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["3161194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3161194"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["72271028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72271028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>HIV and HBV infection are both serious public health challenges. There are more than approximately 4 million patients coinfected with HIV and HBV worldwide, and approximately 5% to 15% of those infected with HIV are coinfected with HBV. Disease progression is more rapid in patients with coinfection, which significantly increases the likelihood of patients progressing from chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HIV treatment is complicated by drug interactions, antiretroviral (ARV) hepatotoxicity, and HBV-related immune reconditioning and inflammatory syndromes. Drug development is a highly costly and time-consuming procedure with traditional experimental methods. With the development of computer-aided drug design techniques, both machine learning and deep learning have been successfully used to facilitate rapid innovations in the virtual screening of candidate drugs. In this study, we proposed a graph neural network-based molecular feature extraction model by integrating one optimal supervised learner to replace the output layer of the GNN to accurately predict the potential multitargets of HIV-1\/HBV coinfections. The experimental results strongly suggested that DMPNN + GBDT may greatly improve the accuracy of binary-target predictions and efficiently identify the potential multiple targets of HIV-1 and HBV simultaneously.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T02:29:15Z","timestamp":1681352955000},"page":"7139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["HIV-1\/HBV Coinfection Accurate Multitarget Prediction Using a Graph Neural Network-Based Ensemble Predicting Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yishu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2022, January 12). 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