{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T10:58:32Z","timestamp":1791889112288,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Medical University of Lublin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DS 466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS 466"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aluminium (Al) is the most ubiquitous metal in the Earth\u2019s crust. Even though its toxicity is well-documented, the role of Al in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases remains debatable. To establish the basic framework for future studies, we review literature reports on Al toxicokinetics and its role in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), alcohol use disorder (AUD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), and dialysis encephalopathy (DE) from 1976 to 2022. Despite poor absorption via mucosa, the biggest amount of Al comes with food, drinking water, and inhalation. Vaccines introduce negligible amounts of Al, while the data on skin absorption (which might be linked with carcinogenesis) is limited and requires further investigation. In the above-mentioned diseases, the literature shows excessive Al accumulation in the central nervous system (AD, AUD, MS, PD, DE) and epidemiological links between greater Al exposition and their increased prevalence (AD, PD, DE). Moreover, the literature suggests that Al has the potential as a marker of disease (AD, PD) and beneficial results of Al chelator use (such as cognitive improvement in AD, AUD, MS, and DE cases).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T02:28:12Z","timestamp":1681439292000},"page":"7228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Aluminium in the Human Brain: Routes of Penetration, Toxicity, and Resulting Complications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4604-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Bryli\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Group, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5140-0990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kostelecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Group, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6444-5645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Woli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Group, Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0867-6315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Duda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Group, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2770-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"G\u00f3ra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Group, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5692-9770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Granat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Group, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6881-3161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Flieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4184-9305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Teresi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7637-6387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Buszewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Sitarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1372-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Baj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ingerman, L., Jones, D.G., Keith, S., and Rosemond, Z.A. (2008). ATSDR Toxicological Profile for Aluminum, ATSDR\u2019s Toxicological Profiles."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135752","article-title":"Aluminium Exposure Leads to Neurodegeneration and Alters the Expression of Marker Genes Involved to Parkinsonism in Zebrafish Brain","volume":"307","author":"Capriello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706-010-0417-y","article-title":"Aluminium in the Human Brain","volume":"142","author":"Exley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mon. 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