{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T14:36:37Z","timestamp":1792938997651,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":304,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UAEU Start-up grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dysfunction of the immune system can result in damage of the peripheral nervous system. The immunological mechanisms, which include macrophage infiltration, inflammation and proliferation of Schwann cells, result in variable degrees of demyelination and axonal degeneration. Aetiology is diverse and, in some cases, may be precipitated by infection. Various animal models have contributed and helped to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms in acute and chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathies (Guillain\u2013Barre Syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, respectively). The presence of specific anti-glycoconjugate antibodies indicates an underlying process of molecular mimicry and sometimes assists in the classification of these disorders, which often merely supports the clinical diagnosis. Now, the electrophysiological presence of conduction blocks is another important factor in characterizing another subgroup of treatable motor neuropathies (multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block), which is distinct from Lewis\u2013Sumner syndrome (multifocal acquired demyelinating sensory and motor neuropathy) in its response to treatment modalities as well as electrophysiological features. Furthermore, paraneoplastic neuropathies are also immune-mediated and are the result of an immune reaction to tumour cells that express onconeural antigens and mimic molecules expressed on the surface of neurons. The detection of specific paraneoplastic antibodies often assists the clinician in the investigation of an underlying, sometimes specific, malignancy. This review aims to discuss the immunological and pathophysiological mechanisms that are thought to be crucial in the aetiology of dysimmune neuropathies as well as their individual electrophysiological characteristics, their laboratory features and existing treatment options. Here, we aim to present a balance of discussion from these diverse angles that may be helpful in categorizing disease and establishing prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T09:23:43Z","timestamp":1681464223000},"page":"7288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Immune-Mediated Neuropathies: Pathophysiology and Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9220-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Shastri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 3AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1882-3246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Al Aiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6033-6759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uday","family":"Kishore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Farrugia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410090703","article-title":"Diagnostic Considerations in Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Asbury","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"Radiculoneuritis Syndrome with Hyperalbuminosis of Cerebrospinal Fluid without Cellular Reaction. Notes on Clinical Features and Graphs of Tendon Reflexes. 1916","volume":"150","author":"Guillain","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Interne (Paris)"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000324710","article-title":"Population Incidence of Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Sejvar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2007.00150.x","article-title":"Incidence of Guillain-Barre Syndrome in Germany","volume":"12","author":"Lehmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1159\/000339248","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome Incidence in a Large United States Cohort (2000\u20132009)","volume":"39","author":"Shui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2011.00338.x","article-title":"Very Early Electrodiagnostic Findings in Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Alberti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2012.00383.x","article-title":"Presence of Repeater F-Waves in the Early Stage of Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/107.1.219","article-title":"Conduction Block and Denervation in Guillain-Barre Polyneuropathy","volume":"107","author":"Brown","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.10.005","article-title":"A-Waves in Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Correlation with Electrophysiological Subtypes and Antiganglioside Antibodies","volume":"123","author":"Kawakami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880171004","article-title":"Autonomic Involvement in Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Zochodne","year":"1994","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.44.11.983","article-title":"Autonomic Dysfunction in Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Tuck","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520250125034","article-title":"Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction in Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Therapeutic Implications of Swan-Ganz Monitoring","volume":"45","author":"Dalos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"II96","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-007-2024-3","article-title":"Autonomic Dysfunction in Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"254","author":"Flachenecker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1179\/016164107X240071","article-title":"Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity in the Neurological Intensive Care Unit","volume":"29","author":"Rabinstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70140-7","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome After Exposure to Influenza Virus","volume":"10","author":"Lehmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.3.598","article-title":"Prognostic Factors of Guillain-Barre Syndrome After Intravenous Immunoglobulin Or Plasma Exchange. Dutch Guillain-Barre Study Group","volume":"53","author":"Visser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.02.026","article-title":"Residual Disability 10 Years After Falling Ill in Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A Prospective Follow-Up Study","volume":"317","author":"Forsberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000310983.38724.d4","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Incidence and Mortality Rates in US Hospitals","volume":"70","author":"Alshekhlee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.91942","article-title":"Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated Patients of Guillain Barre Syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Netto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Indian. Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.86545","article-title":"Prognosis of Patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome Requiring Mechanical Ventilation","volume":"59","author":"Netto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6806-x","article-title":"Long-Term Outcome in Patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome Requiring Mechanical Ventilation","volume":"260","author":"Witsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.138","article-title":"Guillain-Barre and Miller Fisher Syndromes\u2014New Diagnostic Classification","volume":"10","author":"Wakerley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq260","article-title":"Conduction Block in Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy","volume":"133","author":"Kokubun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2013.03.023","article-title":"Peripheral Neuropathy: Clinical and Electrophysiological Considerations","volume":"24","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Novello, B.J., and Pobre, T. (2022). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt285","article-title":"Diagnosis of Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Validation of Brighton Criteria","volume":"137","author":"Fokke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0250-9","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Guillain-Barre Syndrome in Ten Steps","volume":"15","author":"Leonhard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182904fcc","article-title":"Mortality in Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Bunschoten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy232","article-title":"Regional Variation of Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"141","author":"Doets","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2009.00243.x","article-title":"Recurrences, Vaccinations and Long-Term Symptoms in GBS and CIDP","volume":"14","author":"Kuitwaard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70215-1","article-title":"Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, and Treatment of Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Ruts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199511233332102","article-title":"Campylobacter Jejuni Infection and Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"333","author":"Rees","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67665-9","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"366","author":"Hughes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tam, C.C., O\u2019Brien, S.J., Petersen, I., Islam, A., Hayward, A., and Rodrigues, L.C. (2007). Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Preceding Infection with Campylobacter, Influenza and Epstein-Barr Virus in the General Practice Research Database. PLoS ONE, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000344"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.331","article-title":"Autoantibody-Mediated Dysfunction of Sympathetic Neurons in Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Lehmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23477","article-title":"Electrophysiological Subtypes and Prognosis of Guillain-Barre Syndrome in Northeastern China","volume":"47","author":"Ye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-196905000-00001","article-title":"The Inflammatory Lesion in Idiopathic Polyneuritis. its Role in Pathogenesis","volume":"48","author":"Asbury","year":"1969","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S90","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199333011-00016","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Immune-Mediated Neuropathies","volume":"33","author":"Rostami","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.102.2.213","article-title":"Allergic Neuritis: An Experimental Disease of Rabbits Induced by the Injection of Peripheral Nervous Tissue and Adjuvants","volume":"102","author":"WAKSMAN","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(85)90233-3","article-title":"Transfer of Experimental Allergic Neuritis with P2-Reactive T-Cell Lines","volume":"91","author":"Rostami","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/277140a0","article-title":"Identification of the Neuritogen for Experimental Allergic Neuritis","volume":"277","author":"Kadlubowski","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(87)90235-8","article-title":"P0 Myelin Protein Produces Experimental Allergic Neuritis in Lewis Rats","volume":"79","author":"Milner","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.10.1895","article-title":"Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis with Peripheral Myelin Protein-22","volume":"121","author":"Gabriel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(90)90098-8","article-title":"Induction of Severe Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis with a Synthetic Peptide Corresponding to the 53-78 Amino Acid Sequence of the Myelin P2 Protein","volume":"30","author":"Rostami","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(92)90136-9","article-title":"Induction of Persistently Demyelinated Lesions in the Rat Following the Repeated Adoptive Transfer of Encephalitogenic T Cells and Demyelinating Antibody","volume":"40","author":"Linington","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.137.12.3826","article-title":"Induction of Experimental Allergic Neuritis in the BN Rat: P2 Protein-Specific T Cells Overcome Resistance to Actively Induced Disease","volume":"137","author":"Linington","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00294298","article-title":"Adoptive Transfer of Experimental Allergic Neuritis in the Immune Suppressed Host","volume":"86","author":"Hahn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06142.x","article-title":"Cellular mRNA Expression of Interferon-Gamma, IL-4 and Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-Beta) by Rat Mononuclear Cells Stimulated with Peripheral Nerve Myelin Antigens in Experimental Allergic Neuritis","volume":"98","author":"Zhu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.6.1633","article-title":"Transient Cellular Expression of Gamma-Interferon in Myelin-Induced and T-Cell Line-Mediated Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis","volume":"115","author":"Schmidt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1987.tb00514.x","article-title":"Molecular Transductional Mechanisms by which IFN Gamma and Other Signals Regulate Macrophage Development","volume":"97","author":"Adams","year":"1987","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270306","article-title":"The Role of Interferon-Gamma in the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Disease of the Peripheral Nervous System","volume":"27","author":"Hartung","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270716","article-title":"T-Cell and Macrophage Activation in Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis and Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Hartung","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.164.6.2113","article-title":"Gamma Interferon Enhances Macrophage Transcription of the Tumor Necrosis Factor\/Cachectin, Interleukin 1, and Urokinase Genes, which are Controlled by Short-Lived Repressors","volume":"164","author":"Collart","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02454-6","article-title":"The Macrophage: A Key Player in the Pathophysiology of Peripheral Neuropathies","volume":"19","author":"Msheik","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2010.05.005","article-title":"The Expression Pattern of Inflammatory Mediators in Cerebrospinal Fluid Differentiates Guillain-Barre Syndrome from Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy","volume":"51","author":"Sainaghi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22541","article-title":"Differential Susceptibility to Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis in Lewis Rat Strains is Associated with T-Cell Immunity to Myelin Antigens","volume":"89","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-010-0724-8","article-title":"Dual Role of B Cells with Accelerated Onset but Reduced Disease Activity in P0106\u2212125-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis of IgH0\/0 Mice","volume":"120","author":"Brunn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.01.015","article-title":"A Study of Associated Cell-Mediated Immune Mechanisms in Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis Rats","volume":"185","author":"Yun","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13426","article-title":"Inhibition of Myeloperoxidase at the Peak of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Restores Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Ameliorates Disease Severity","volume":"136","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324228","article-title":"Regulation of PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 Expression during Normal and Autoimmune Responses","volume":"33","author":"Liang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)01877-8","article-title":"Schwann Cell Apoptosis in Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis of the Lewis Rat and the Functional Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha","volume":"306","author":"Weishaupt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-9961(02)00007-4","article-title":"Exogenous Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type I Ameliorates Murine Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis","volume":"12","author":"Bao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.12.045","article-title":"TNF-Alpha Receptor 1 Deficiency Reduces Antigen-Presenting Capacity of Schwann Cells and Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis in Mice","volume":"470","author":"Mao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.02.004","article-title":"Aggravation of Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis in TNF-Alpha Receptor 1 Deficient Mice","volume":"186","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00328-7","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Localization of Cytokines, C5b-9 and ICAM-1 in Peripheral Nerve of Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"174","author":"Putzu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5836-5","article-title":"The Role of Cytokines in Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"258","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.9.1833","article-title":"I.V. Immunoglobulin Reduces Circulating Proinflammatory Cytokines in Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Sharief","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2011.06.010","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome After Treatment with Human Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factoralpha (Adalimumab) in a Crohn\u2019s Disease Patient: Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"5","author":"Cesarini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"bcr-2017","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome in Association with Antitumour Necrosis Factor Therapy: A Case of Mistaken Identity","volume":"2017","author":"Patwala","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.03.072","article-title":"Upregulation of Erythropoietin in Rat Peripheral Nervous System with Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis","volume":"1333","author":"Ahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mausberg, A.K., Meyer Zu Horste, G., Dehmel, T., Stettner, M., Lehmann, H.C., Sheikh, K.A., and Kieseier, B.C. (2011). Erythropoietin Ameliorates Rat Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis by Inducing Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Macrophages. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026280"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024532715775","article-title":"Aberrated Levels of Cerebrospinal Fluid Chemokines in Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"23","author":"Press","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(00)00323-4","article-title":"Sequential Expression of Chemokines in Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis","volume":"110","author":"Kieseier","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430404","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases MMP-9 and MMP-7 are Expressed in Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis and the Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Kieseier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.3.481","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression during Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis","volume":"121","author":"Hughes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.8.1683","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 is Increased and Correlates with Severity in Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"53","author":"Creange","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20076","article-title":"Advances in Understanding and Treatment of Immune-Mediated Disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System","volume":"30","author":"Kieseier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22514","article-title":"Correlation of Matrix Metalloproteinases-2 and -9 with Proinflammatory Cytokines in Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Nyati","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20774","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 is Involved in Myelination of Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons","volume":"57","author":"Lehmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903014","article-title":"TLR4-Mediated Sensing of Campylobacter Jejuni by Dendritic Cells is Determined by Sialylation","volume":"185","author":"Kuijf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.04.077","article-title":"Response of Toll-Like Receptors in Experimental Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A Kinetic Analysis","volume":"518","author":"Gries","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1159\/000328200","article-title":"Expression of Toll-Like Receptors 2, 4 and 9 in Patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2797","article-title":"T Cells: TLRs Deliver a Direct Hit to TH17 Cells","volume":"10","author":"Bird","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2012.697469","article-title":"Th17 Helper Cell and T-Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain 3 Involvement in Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(96)00042-2","article-title":"Autoantibodies to Peripheral Nerve Glycosphingolipids SPG, SLPG, and SGPG in Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy","volume":"70","author":"Yuki","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwp027","article-title":"Antiganglioside Antibodies and their Pathophysiological Effects on Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Related Disorders\u2014A Review","volume":"19","author":"Kaida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.11.114","article-title":"Antiganglioside Antibodies in Guillain-Barre Syndrome and its Related Conditions","volume":"11","author":"Shahrizaila","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-300309","article-title":"Antiganglioside Antibodies are Associated with Axonal Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A Japanese-Italian Collaborative Study","volume":"83","author":"Sekiguchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2003.12.004","article-title":"The Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A True Case of Molecular Mimicry","volume":"25","author":"Ang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02935630","article-title":"Ganglioside Function in the Development and Repair of the Nervous System. from Basic Science to Clinical Application","volume":"3","author":"Skaper","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20503","article-title":"Gangliosides Contribute to Stability of Paranodal Junctions and Ion Channel Clusters in Myelinated Nerve Fibers","volume":"55","author":"Susuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(20010201)49:2<146::AID-ANA34>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"CRMP-5 Neuronal Autoantibody: Marker of Lung Cancer and Thymoma-Related Autoimmunity","volume":"49","author":"Yu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200010)48:4<624::AID-ANA9>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Axonal Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Relation to Anti-Ganglioside Antibodies and Campylobacter Jejuni Infection in Japan","volume":"48","author":"Ogawara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf272","article-title":"Peripheral Neuropathies and Anti-Glycolipid Antibodies","volume":"125","author":"Willison","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.5.1771","article-title":"A Bacterium Lipopolysaccharide that Elicits Guillain-Barre Syndrome has a GM1 Ganglioside-Like Structure","volume":"178","author":"Yuki","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00167a032","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter Jejuni Serotype O:19: Structures of Core Oligosaccharide Regions from the Serostrain and Two Bacterial Isolates from Patients with the Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Aspinall","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.5.2122-2125.1994","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter Jejuni Associated with Guillain-Barre Syndrome Patients Mimic Human Gangliosides in Structure","volume":"62","author":"Aspinall","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(01)00019-6","article-title":"Infectious Origins of, and Molecular Mimicry in, Guillain-Barre and Fisher Syndromes","volume":"1","author":"Yuki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360517","article-title":"Molecular Mimicry between GQ1b Ganglioside and Lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter Jejuni Isolated from Patients with Fisher\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Yuki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, Z., Gilbert, M., Mohammad, Q.D., Klaij, K., Li, J., van Rijs, W., Tio-Gillen, A.P., Talukder, K.A., Willison, H.J., and van Belkum, A. (2012). Guillain-Barre Syndrome-Related Campylobacter Jejuni in Bangladesh: Ganglioside Mimicry and Cross-Reactive Antibodies. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043976"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00009-11","article-title":"Campylobacter Jejuni Lipooligosaccharides Modulate Dendritic Cell-Mediated T Cell Polarization in a Sialic Acid Linkage-Dependent Manner","volume":"79","author":"Bax","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3829-10.2011","article-title":"Anti-Ganglioside Antibody-Mediated Activation of RhoA Induces Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4279-04.2005","article-title":"Overexpression of GD1a Ganglioside Sensitizes Motor Nerve Terminals to Anti-GD1a Antibody-Mediated Injury in a Model of Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy","volume":"25","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2008.00181.x","article-title":"C5 Inhibitor rEV576 Protects Against Neural Injury in an in Vitro Mouse Model of Miller Fisher Syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Halstead","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI37338","article-title":"The Neuropathic Potential of Anti-GM1 Autoantibodies is Regulated by the Local Glycolipid Environment in Mice","volume":"119","author":"Greenshields","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9533","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2281-10.2010","article-title":"Passive Transfer of IgG Anti-GM1 Antibodies Impairs Peripheral Nerve Repair","volume":"30","author":"Lopez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.1.211","article-title":"Density of Sodium Channels in Mammalian Myelinated Nerve Fibers and Nature of the Axonal Membrane Under the Myelin Sheath","volume":"74","author":"Ritchie","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370405","article-title":"Antibodies Against GM1 Ganglioside Affect K+ and Na+ Currents in Isolated Rat Myelinated Nerve Fibers","volume":"37","author":"Takigawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.3.449","article-title":"The Distribution of Ganglioside-Like Moieties in Peripheral Nerves","volume":"122","author":"Sheikh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4401-06.2007","article-title":"Anti-GM1 Antibodies Cause Complement-Mediated Disruption of Sodium Channel Clusters in Peripheral Motor Nerve Fibers","volume":"27","author":"Susuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000097004","article-title":"Ca Channel Currents Inhibited by Serum from Select Patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Nakatani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9735-4","article-title":"Cav2.1 Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Channel Current is Inhibited by Serum from Select Patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Nakatani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e173","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq372","article-title":"Neurofascin as Target of Autoantibodies in Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Pruss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2012.00372.x","article-title":"Nodal Proteins are Target Antigens in Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Devaux","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.06.034","article-title":"Antibodies to Gliomedin Cause Peripheral Demyelinating Neuropathy and the Dismantling of the Nodes of Ranvier","volume":"181","author":"Devaux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59110","article-title":"Anti-Ganglioside Antibody Internalization Attenuates Motor Nerve Terminal Injury in a Mouse Model of Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy","volume":"122","author":"Fewou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02284784","article-title":"Early Nodal Changes in the Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy Pattern of the Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Griffin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.3.577","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome in Northern China. the Spectrum of Neuropathological Changes in Clinically Defined Cases","volume":"118","author":"Griffin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410400414","article-title":"Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy: An Antibody-Mediated Attack on Axolemma","volume":"40","author":"Hsieh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000081231.08914.A1","article-title":"Differences in Patterns of Progression in Demyelinating and Axonal Guillain-Barre Syndromes","volume":"61","author":"Hiraga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.3.695","article-title":"Patterns of Recovery in the Guillain-Barre Syndromes","volume":"48","author":"Ho","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.01.025","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic Criteria for Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A Critical Revision and the Need for an Update","volume":"123","author":"Uncini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.12.010","article-title":"Motor Nerve Terminal Destruction and Regeneration Following Anti-Ganglioside Antibody and Complement-Mediated Injury: An in and Ex Vivo Imaging Study in the Mouse","volume":"233","author":"Rupp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200902200420","article-title":"T Cell Response in Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy","volume":"22","author":"Cencioni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.10.005","article-title":"Leukocyte and Complement Activation by GM1-Specific Antibodies is Associated with Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy in Rabbits","volume":"182","author":"Yuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199902)45:2<168::AID-ANA6>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Anti-GD1a Antibody is Associated with Axonal but Not Demyelinating Forms of Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Ho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00180-X","article-title":"Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy and Acute Motor-Sensory Axonal Neuropathy Share a Common Immunological Profile","volume":"168","author":"Yuki","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1267279","article-title":"Inflammatory Neuropathies","volume":"30","author":"Whitesell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2013.28.12.1839","article-title":"A Case of Acute Motor and Sensory Axonal Neuropathy Following Hepatitis a Infection","volume":"28","author":"Jo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2013.01.005","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Variants","volume":"31","author":"Dimachkie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.238311","article-title":"Involvement of Sensory Fibres in Axonal Subtypes of Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Capasso","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2011.241562","article-title":"Keeping it Simple: Is there a Need for the various Subtyping of Axonal Forms of Guillain-Barre Syndrome?","volume":"82","author":"Yuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195607122550201","article-title":"An Unusual Variant of Acute Idiopathic Polyneuritis (Syndrome of Ophthalmoplegia, Ataxia and Areflexia)","volume":"255","author":"FISHER","year":"1956","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410310619","article-title":"Serum IgG Antibody to Ganglioside GQ1b is a Possible Marker of Miller Fisher Syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Chiba","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.2.204","article-title":"Miller Fisher Syndrome is Associated with Serum Antibodies to GQ1b Ganglioside","volume":"56","author":"Willison","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aranyi, Z., Kovacs, T., Sipos, I., and Bereczki, D. (2012). Miller Fisher Syndrome: Brief Overview and Update with a Focus on Electrophysiological Findings. Eur. J. Neurol., 19.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03445.x"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303079","article-title":"Non-Demyelinating, Reversible Conduction Failure in Fisher Syndrome and Related Disorders","volume":"83","author":"Umapathi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"CD003217","article-title":"Immunosuppressant and Immunomodulatory Treatments for Multifocal Motor Neuropathy","volume":"3","author":"Umapathi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.154765","article-title":"Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Fisher Syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.10.008","article-title":"Electrophysiological Evidence of Cerebellar Fiber System Involvement in the Miller Fisher Syndrome","volume":"288","author":"Lo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.8.1104","article-title":"Clinical Features and Prognosis of Miller Fisher Syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Mori","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000258673.31824.61","article-title":"Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy for Miller Fisher Syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Mori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf258","article-title":"Localization of Major Gangliosides in the PNS: Implications for Immune Neuropathies","volume":"125","author":"Gong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e158524","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI158524","article-title":"Schwann Cell Nodal Membrane Disruption Triggers Bystander Axonal Degeneration in a Guillain-Barre Syndrome Mouse Model","volume":"132","author":"McGonigal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2007.10.001","article-title":"Antibodies Against Gangliosides and Ganglioside Complexes in Guillain-Barre Syndrome: New Aspects of Research","volume":"1780","author":"Kusunoki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.06.017","article-title":"Antibodies to Ganglioside Complexes Consisting of Asialo-GM1 and GQ1b Or GT1a in Fisher and Guillain-Barre Syndromes","volume":"214","author":"Ogawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.09.013","article-title":"Anti-Ganglioside Complex Antibodies Associated with Severe Disability in GBS","volume":"182","author":"Kaida","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200902200220","article-title":"Antibodies to Ganglioside Complexes in Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Clinical Correlates, Fine Specificity and Complement Activation","volume":"22","author":"Notturno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.07029.x","article-title":"Antibodies Against Ganglioside Complexes in Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Related Disorders","volume":"116","author":"Kusunoki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000317093.57106.33","article-title":"GD1b-Specific Antibody Induces Ataxia in Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"71","author":"Kaida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.05.014","article-title":"Origin of Ganglioside Complex Antibodies in Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"188","author":"Kuijf","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"295","article-title":"Expression of Complement Components in the Peripheral Nervous System","volume":"13","author":"Vreijling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199708)20:4<308::AID-GLIA4>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Dibutyryl Cyclic AMP and Inflammatory Cytokines Mediate C3 Expression in Schwann Cells","volume":"20","author":"Dashiell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2008.06.018","article-title":"The Complement System in the Peripheral Nerve: Friend Or Foe?","volume":"45","author":"Ramaglia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.66010303.x","article-title":"Complement Regulatory Molecules on Human Myelin and Glial Cells: Differential Expression Affects the Deposition of Activated Complement Proteins","volume":"66","author":"Koski","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(88)90122-1","article-title":"Complement Receptors CR1 on Human Peripheral Nerve Fibres","volume":"17","author":"Vedeler","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113231","article-title":"Activation of Terminal Components of Complement in Patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Other Demyelinating Neuropathies","volume":"80","author":"Koski","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.6.1006","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Activated Complement Components C3a and C5a in CSF","volume":"37","author":"Hartung","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390512","article-title":"Immune Attack on the Schwann Cell Surface in Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy","volume":"39","author":"Sheikh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.5.807","article-title":"Anti-Ganglioside Antibodies can Bind Peripheral Nerve Nodes of Ranvier and Activate the Complement Cascade without Inducing Acute Conduction Block in Vitro","volume":"122","author":"Paparounas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.11.039","article-title":"Dysfunction of Nodes of Ranvier: A Mechanism for Anti-Ganglioside Antibody-Mediated Neuropathies","volume":"233","author":"Susuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.10.3290","article-title":"Complement Activation by Isolated Myelin: Activation of the Classical Pathway in the Absence of Myelin-Specific Antibodies","volume":"79","author":"Vanguri","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.3.905","article-title":"Anti-Peripheral Myelin Antibody in Patients with Demyelinating Neuropathy: Quantitative and Kinetic Determination of Serum Antibody by Complement Component 1 Fixation","volume":"82","author":"Koski","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1984.tb12706.x","article-title":"Isolation of Membrane Attack Complex of Complement from Myelin Membranes Treated with Serum Complement","volume":"42","author":"Silverman","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300205","article-title":"Presence of the Terminal Complement Complex (C5b-9) Precedes Myelin Degradation in Immune-Mediated Demyelination of the Rat Peripheral Nervous System","volume":"30","author":"Stoll","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00093-3","article-title":"The Expression of CD59 in Experimental Allergic Neuritis","volume":"165","author":"Vedeler","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(96)00048-3","article-title":"CD59 Homologue Regulates Complement-Dependent Cytolysis of Rat Schwann Cells","volume":"69","author":"Piddlesden","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.09.016","article-title":"Complement Inhibitor Prevents Disruption of Sodium Channel Clusters in a Rabbit Model of Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"205","author":"Phongsisay","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.5.893","article-title":"Anti-GQ1b Ganglioside Antibodies Mediate Complement-Dependent Destruction of the Motor Nerve Terminal","volume":"124","author":"Plomp","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20546","article-title":"Complement Inhibition Abrogates Nerve Terminal Injury in Miller Fisher Syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Halstead","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.01.007","article-title":"Neuromuscular Synaptic Transmission in Aged Ganglioside-Deficient Mice","volume":"32","author":"Zitman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.05.028","article-title":"The Role of Complement and Complement Regulators in Mediating Motor Nerve Terminal Injury in Murine Models of Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"201\u2013202","author":"Willison","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581817740873","article-title":"Nonclinical Development of ANX005: A Humanized Anti-C1q Antibody for Treatment of Autoimmune and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"36","author":"Lansita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12194","article-title":"Inhibition of Complement in Guillain-Barre Syndrome: The ICA-GBS Study","volume":"22","author":"Davidson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30114-5","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Eculizumab in Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A Multicentre, Double-Blind, Randomised Phase 2 Trial","volume":"17","author":"Misawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009191","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome Associated with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"382","author":"Toscano","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e781","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000781","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome: The First Documented COVID-19-Triggered Autoimmune Neurologic Disease: More to Come with Myositis in the Offing","volume":"7","author":"Dalakas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2021.102","article-title":"Guillain Barre Syndrome as a Complication of COVID-19: A Systematic Review","volume":"49","author":"Aladawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2253845","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.53845","article-title":"Reports of Guillain-Barre Syndrome After COVID-19 Vaccination in the United States","volume":"6","author":"Abara","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.10.015","article-title":"Leveraging Coronavirus Binding to Gangliosides for Innovative Vaccine and Therapeutic Strategies Against COVID-19","volume":"538","author":"Fantini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/19418744211016709","article-title":"COVID-19 Induced Miller Fisher Syndrome Presenting with Autonomic Dysfunction: A Unique Case Report and Review of Literature","volume":"12","author":"Biswas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"CD002063","article-title":"Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"2014","author":"Hughes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.121","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis","volume":"10","author":"Walgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.7.930","article-title":"Plasma Exchange in Neuroimmunological Disorders: Part 1: Rationale and Treatment of Inflammatory Central Nervous System Disorders","volume":"63","author":"Lehmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efficiency of Plasma Exchange in Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Role of Replacement Fluids (1987). French Cooperative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Ann. Neurol., 22, 753\u2013761.","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410220612"},{"key":"ref_187","first-page":"CD001798","article-title":"Plasma Exchange for Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Raphael","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_188","first-page":"CD001446","article-title":"Corticosteroids for Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Hughes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/CND.0b013e3181f3dbbf","article-title":"Plasma Exchange After Initial Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment in Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Critical Reassessment of Effectiveness and Cost-Efficiency","volume":"12","author":"Manousakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neuromuscul. Dis."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm004","article-title":"Immunotherapy for Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A Systematic Review","volume":"130","author":"Hughes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.19.2367","article-title":"Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Autoimmune Neuromuscular Diseases","volume":"291","author":"Dalakas","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756286421997381","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286421997381","article-title":"The Importance of FcRn in Neuro-Immunotherapies: From IgG Catabolism, FCGRT Gene Polymorphisms, IVIg Dosing and Efficiency to Specific FcRn Inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Dalakas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2174\/157015909790031166","article-title":"Current Proposed Mechanisms of Action of Intravenous Immunoglobulins in Inflammatory Neuropathies","volume":"7","author":"Jacob","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-3002-0","article-title":"Advances in the Understanding of the Mechanism of Action of IVIg","volume":"255","author":"Hartung","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11517-w","article-title":"Efgartigimod Improved Health-Related Quality of Life in Generalized Myasthenia Gravis: Results from a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Study (ADAPT)","volume":"270","author":"Sacca","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01678-3","article-title":"Efgartigimod: First Approval","volume":"82","author":"Heo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d1a862","article-title":"Intramuscular Interferon Beta-1a in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"74","author":"Hughes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_198","first-page":"CD002062","article-title":"Corticosteroids for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"1","author":"Hughes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430207","article-title":"Loss of Electrical Excitability in an Animal Model of Acute Quadriplegic Myopathy","volume":"43","author":"Rich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1016","article-title":"Sodium Channel Inactivation in an Animal Model of Acute Quadriplegic Myopathy","volume":"50","author":"Rich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.10-4-399","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Pritchard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410110205","article-title":"Prednisone Improves Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy More than no Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Dyck","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02930.x","article-title":"European Federation of Neurological Societies\/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on Management of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: Report of a Joint Task Force of the European Federation of Neurological Societies and the Peripheral Nerve Society\u2014First Revision","volume":"17","author":"Hadden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(96)00126-8","article-title":"Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) in Diabetics","volume":"142","author":"Stewart","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Research Criteria for Diagnosis of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) (1991). Report from an Ad Hoc Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology AIDS Task Force. Neurology, 41, 617\u2013618.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.5.617"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70041-7","article-title":"Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges for a Treatable Condition","volume":"9","author":"Vallat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4598(200103)24:3<311::AID-MUS1001>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Clinical Spectrum of Chronic Acquired Demyelinating Polyneuropathies","volume":"24","author":"Saperstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.11.015","article-title":"Derivation and Validation of Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy","volume":"277","author":"Koski","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25997","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic Errors Contribute to Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Misdiagnosis","volume":"57","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14959","article-title":"European Academy of Neurology\/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: Report of a Joint Task Force-Second Revision","volume":"28","author":"Hadden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410090611","article-title":"Permanent Axotomy, a Model of Axonal Atrophy and Secondary Segmental Demyelination and Remyelination","volume":"9","author":"Dyck","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.3.498","article-title":"Clinicopathologic Findings and Prognosis of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy","volume":"52","author":"Bouchard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"328","article-title":"Experimental Allergic Neuritis (EAN) as a Model for the Immune-Mediated Demyelinating Neuropathies","volume":"152","author":"Hahn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.052282","article-title":"T Cell Reactivity to P0, P2, PMP-22, and Myelin Basic Protein in Patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"76","author":"Csurhes","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2008.00158.x","article-title":"Impairment of Circulating CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"13","author":"Chi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150200072","article-title":"Gamma Delta T Cells Infiltrating Sensory Nerve Biopsies from Patients with Inflammatory Neuropathy","volume":"249","author":"Winer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318245d250","article-title":"CD8+ T-Cell Immunity in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"78","author":"Schwab","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827debad","article-title":"Recovery of the T-Cell Repertoire in CIDP by IV Immunoglobulins","volume":"80","author":"Mausberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.331","article-title":"Terminal Complement Activation is Increased and Associated with Disease Severity in CIDP","volume":"3","author":"Quast","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.02.001","article-title":"IVIG Efficacy in CIDP Patients is Not Associated with Terminal Complement Inhibition","volume":"330","author":"Keller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.5.946","article-title":"Expression of Endothelial Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule-1 (ELAM-1) in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy","volume":"44","author":"Oka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.3.320","article-title":"Expression of Chemokines in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum of Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy","volume":"73","author":"Mahad","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf070","article-title":"Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Inflammatory Demyelinating Neuropathies: A Central Role for IP-10","volume":"125","author":"Kieseier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300110","article-title":"Serum Interleukin-2 Concentrations in Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Chronic Idiopathic Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: Comparison with Other Neurological Diseases of Presumed Immunopathogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Hartung","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.5.666","article-title":"Serum Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy","volume":"56","author":"Misawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132812Y.0000000074","article-title":"Proinflammatory Cytokines in Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid of CIDP Patients","volume":"34","author":"Rentzos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0901","article-title":"B Cells as Therapeutic Targets in Autoimmune Neurological Disorders","volume":"4","author":"Dalakas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802501","article-title":"Requirement of B Cells for Generating CD4+ T Cell Memory","volume":"182","author":"Whitmire","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1105160","article-title":"Restoration of Tolerance in Lupus by Targeted Inhibitory Receptor Expression","volume":"307","author":"McGaha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18772","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111810108","article-title":"Fcgamma Receptor IIB (FcgammaRIIB) Maintains Humoral Tolerance in the Human Immune System in Vivo","volume":"108","author":"Baerenwaldt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1151","article-title":"The Inhibitory Fcgamma Receptor Modulates Autoimmunity by Limiting the Accumulation of Immunoglobulin G+ Anti-DNA Plasma Cells","volume":"6","author":"Fukuyama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4788","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807319106","article-title":"Impaired Inhibitory Fcgamma Receptor IIB Expression on B Cells in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy","volume":"106","author":"Tackenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2011.00305.x","article-title":"Expression and Function of the Inhibitory Fcgamma-Receptor in CIDP","volume":"16","author":"Nimmerjahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1142","article-title":"Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"50","author":"Hughes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.159798","article-title":"Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Myelin Protein Peptides in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"80","author":"Sanvito","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1129","article-title":"P0 Protein is a Target Antigen in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"50","author":"Yan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8753","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.12.8753","article-title":"Targeting of Myelin Protein Zero in a Spontaneous Autoimmune Polyneuropathy","volume":"181","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1085-9489.2005.0010207.x","article-title":"Antibodies to Peripheral Nerve Myelin Proteins in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"10","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200006)47:6<765::AID-ANA9>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Passive Transfer of Demyelination by Serum Or IgG from Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Patients","volume":"47","author":"Yan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab014","article-title":"Antibodies to the Caspr1\/Contactin-1 Complex in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"144","author":"Fehmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317192","article-title":"Autoimmune Nodo-Paranodopathies of Peripheral Nerve: The Concept is Gaining Ground","volume":"89","author":"Uncini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2021-002960","article-title":"Nodal and Paranodal Antibody-Associated Neuropathies","volume":"21","author":"Fehmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00493-7","article-title":"Age of Onset Influences Clinical Features of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy","volume":"184","author":"Hattori","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_244","first-page":"CD003906","article-title":"Plasma Exchange for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"9","author":"Mehndiratta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_245","first-page":"CD001797","article-title":"Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"1","author":"Eftimov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.137","article-title":"Modulatory Effects on Axonal Function After Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy","volume":"68","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_247","first-page":"e154","article-title":"Intravenous Immunoglobulin for the Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Gaebel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"ref_248","first-page":"CD003280","article-title":"Cytotoxic Drugs and Interferons for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"4","author":"Hughes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_249","first-page":"CD003280","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Treatment Other than Corticosteroids, Immunoglobulin and Plasma Exchange for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"11","author":"Swan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30202-3","article-title":"Oral Fingolimod for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (FORCIDP Trial): A Double-Blind, Multicentre, Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"17","author":"Hughes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70093-5","article-title":"Intravenous Immunoglobulin Versus Intravenous Methylprednisolone for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"11","author":"Cocito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30378-2","article-title":"Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin for Maintenance Treatment in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (PATH): A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Trial","volume":"17","author":"Bril","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e590","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000590","article-title":"Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin IgPro20 in CIDP: PATH Extension Study","volume":"6","author":"Mielke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol.-Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.32.9.958","article-title":"Multifocal Demyelinating Neuropathy with Persistent Conduction Block","volume":"32","author":"Lewis","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199905)22:5<560::AID-MUS2>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Multifocal Acquired Demyelinating Sensory and Motor Neuropathy: The Lewis-Sumner Syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Saperstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_256","first-page":"22","article-title":"Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy in Multifocal Motor Neuropathy","volume":"34","author":"Mezaki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh222","article-title":"Follow-Up Study and Response to Treatment in 23 Patients with Lewis-Sumner Syndrome","volume":"127","author":"Viala","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880110203","article-title":"Multifocal Acquired Demyelinating Neuropathy Masquerading as Motor Neuron Disease","volume":"11","author":"Parry","year":"1988","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240113","article-title":"A Treatable Multifocal Motor Neuropathy with Antibodies to GM1 Ganglioside","volume":"24","author":"Pestronk","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041347","article-title":"Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy","volume":"352","author":"Koller","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.175","article-title":"Multifocal Motor Neuropathy: Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Treatment Strategies","volume":"8","author":"Vlam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_262","unstructured":"Hameed, S., and Cascella, M. (2022). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7927-9","article-title":"Nerve Ultrasound in the Differentiation of Multifocal Motor Neuropathy (MMN) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with Predominant Lower Motor Neuron Disease (ALS\/LMND)","volume":"263","author":"Loewenbruck","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019182538","article-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Versus Multifocal Motor Neuropathy: Utility of MR Neurography","volume":"292","author":"Kronlage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.02.011","article-title":"Multifocal Motor Neuropathy","volume":"19","author":"Muley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.3.700","article-title":"Electrophysiologic Findings in Multifocal Motor Neuropathy","volume":"48","author":"Katz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf041","article-title":"Evidence for Axonal Membrane Hyperpolarization in Multifocal Motor Neuropathy with Conduction Block","volume":"125","author":"Kiernan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.5.1289","article-title":"Multifocal Motor Neuropathy. Serum IgM Anti-GM1 Ganglioside Antibodies in most Patients Detected using Covalent Linkage of GM1 to ELISA Plates","volume":"49","author":"Pestronk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.8.1570","article-title":"Diagnostic Value of GM1 Antibodies in Motor Neuron Disorders and Neuropathies: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Bossuyt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10273","article-title":"Physiology of Conduction Block in Multifocal Motor Neuropathy and Other Demyelinating Neuropathies","volume":"27","author":"Kaji","year":"2003","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181ff94c2","article-title":"Multifocal Motor Neuropathy: Association of Anti-GM1 IgM Antibodies with Clinical Features","volume":"75","author":"Cats","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e119","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000119","article-title":"Complement Activity is Associated with Disease Severity in Multifocal Motor Neuropathy","volume":"2","author":"Vlam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol.-Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1107","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001107","article-title":"Anti-C2 Antibody ARGX-117 Inhibits Complement in a Disease Model for Multifocal Motor Neuropathy","volume":"9","author":"Budding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol.-Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.3_Part_1.429","article-title":"Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment in Patients with Motor Neuron Syndromes Associated with Anti-GM1 Antibodies: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"44","author":"Azulay","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000282734","article-title":"Multifocal Motor Neuropathy: Update on Clinical Characteristics, Pathophysiological Concepts and Therapeutic Options","volume":"63","author":"Meuth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_276","first-page":"CD004429","article-title":"Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Multifocal Motor Neuropathy","volume":"2","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.08.023","article-title":"IVIg Inhibits Classical Pathway Activity and Anti-GM1 IgM-Mediated Complement Deposition in MMN","volume":"229","author":"Piepers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.205856","article-title":"IVIG Blocks Complement Deposition Mediated by Anti-GM1 Antibodies in Multifocal Motor Neuropathy","volume":"82","author":"Yuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2011.00328.x","article-title":"An Open Label Clinical Trial of Complement Inhibition in Multifocal Motor Neuropathy","volume":"16","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02568.x","article-title":"Subcutaneous Versus Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Multifocal Motor Neuropathy: A Randomized, Single-Blinded Cross-Over Trial","volume":"16","author":"Harbo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.10.1873","article-title":"Immunization with the Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis Antigen HuD does Not Cause Neurologic Disease in Mice","volume":"45","author":"Manley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199203000-00001","article-title":"Anti-Hu--Associated Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis\/Sensory Neuronopathy. A Clinical Study of 71 Patients","volume":"71","author":"Dalmau","year":"1992","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20100","article-title":"Clinical Features and Pathophysiological Basis of Sensory Neuronopathies (Ganglionopathies)","volume":"30","author":"Kuntzer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.4.1156","article-title":"Ganglionitis in Paraneoplastic Subacute Sensory Neuronopathy: A Morphologic Study","volume":"49","author":"Wanschitz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.3.652","article-title":"Paraneoplastic and Oncologic Profiles of Patients Seropositive for Type 1 Antineuronal Nuclear Autoantibodies","volume":"50","author":"Lucchinetti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.033225","article-title":"Antinuclear Antibodies Define a Subgroup of Paraneoplastic Neuropathies: Clinical and Immunological Data","volume":"76","author":"Tschernatsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.10.1612","article-title":"Impairment of Trk-Neurotrophin Receptor by the Serum of a Patient with Subacute Sensory Neuropathy","volume":"62","author":"Mutoh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.2.172","article-title":"Antiamphiphysin Antibodies are Associated with various Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Tumors","volume":"56","author":"Antoine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.1.27","article-title":"Ma1, a Novel Neuron- and Testis-Specific Protein, is Recognized by the Serum of Patients with Paraneoplastic Neurological Disorders","volume":"122","author":"Dalmau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1127","article-title":"ANNA-3 Anti-Neuronal Nuclear Antibody: Marker of Lung Cancer-Related Autoimmunity","volume":"50","author":"Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.07.020","article-title":"Gangliosides Act as Onconeural Antigens in Paraneoplastic Neuropathies","volume":"156","author":"Marconi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.4.479","article-title":"Treatment of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes with Antineuronal Antibodies (Anti-Hu, Anti-Yo) with a Combination of Immunoglobulins, Cyclophosphamide, and Methylprednisolone","volume":"68","author":"Graus","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_293","first-page":"253","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Paraneoplastic Neurological Disorders","volume":"27","author":"Voltz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Onkologie"},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.7.830","article-title":"Acute Dysautonomia Associated with Hodgkin\u2019s Disease","volume":"49","author":"Wieling","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314591","article-title":"Peripheral Neuropathies and Lymphoma without Monoclonal Gammopathy: A New Classification","volume":"237","author":"Vital","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20361","article-title":"Neuropathology of Paraneoplastic Neuropathy with Anti-Disialosyl Antibody","volume":"32","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.239632","article-title":"Peripheral Neuropathy and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: A Population-Based Study Including 15,351 Cases and 58,619 Matched Controls","volume":"105","author":"Rognvaldsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.02.003","article-title":"Monoclonal Gammopathy-Associated Peripheral Neuropathy: Diagnosis and Management","volume":"92","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300111","article-title":"Neuropathy Associated with Monoclonal Gammopathies of Undetermined Significance","volume":"30","author":"Gosselin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2010.07.124","article-title":"Clinicopathological Profile of Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, M Protein and Skin Changes (POEMS) Syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.22044","article-title":"The Role of 18F-FDG PET\/CT Imaging in Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia","volume":"86","author":"Banwait","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9110-6","article-title":"POEMS Syndrome: Clinical Update","volume":"266","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42545-8","article-title":"Clinical and Laboratory Features of Anti-MAG Neuropathy without Monoclonal Gammopathy","volume":"9","author":"Lleixa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0027-2","article-title":"Immune-Mediated Neuropathies","volume":"4","author":"Kieseier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/8\/7288\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:16:02Z","timestamp":1760123762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/8\/7288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"references-count":304,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24087288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24087288","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]}}}