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Exogenous mesenchymal stem cells can also modulate immune responses by producing potent immunosuppressive substances, such as prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandin E2 is a critical mediator that regulates various physiological and pathological processes through autocrine or paracrine mechanisms. Activation of prostaglandin E2 results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated \u03b2-catenin in the cytoplasm, which subsequently reaches the nucleus to inhibit the transcription factor NF-\u03baB. The inhibition of NF-\u03baB by \u03b2-catenin is a mechanism that reduces inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T09:23:43Z","timestamp":1681464223000},"page":"7299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["PGE2 Produced by Exogenous MSCs Promotes Immunoregulation in ARDS Induced by Highly Pathogenic Influenza A through Activation of the Wnt-\u03b2-Catenin Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Resti","family":"Yudhawati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga\u2014Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"},{"name":"Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazufumi","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"},{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2011.118398","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury","volume":"87","author":"Dushianthan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Postgrad. 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