{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:16:28Z","timestamp":1792041388170,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]],"date-time":"2023-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81860634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81860634"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32260110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260110"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202001BB050029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202001BB050029"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202201BF070001-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201BF070001-003"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Science and Technology Project","award":["81860634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81860634"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Science and Technology Project","award":["32260110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260110"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Science and Technology Project","award":["202001BB050029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202001BB050029"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Science and Technology Project","award":["202201BF070001-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201BF070001-003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Actinomycetes are essential sources of numerous bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse chemical and bioactive properties. Lichen ecosystems have piqued the interest of the research community due to their distinct characteristics. Lichen is a symbiont of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. This review focuses on the novel taxa and diverse bioactive secondary metabolites identified between 1995 and 2022 from cultivable actinomycetota associated with lichens. A total of 25 novel actinomycetota species were reported following studies of lichens. The chemical structures and biological activities of 114 compounds derived from the lichen-associated actinomycetota are also summarized. These secondary metabolites were classified into aromatic amides and amines, diketopiperazines, furanones, indole, isoflavonoids, linear esters and macrolides, peptides, phenolic derivatives, pyridine derivatives, pyrrole derivatives, quinones, and sterols. Their biological activities included anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, cytotoxic, and enzyme-inhibitory actions. In addition, the biosynthetic pathways of several potent bioactive compounds are summarized. Thus, lichen actinomycetes demonstrate exceptional abilities in the discovery of new drug candidates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T03:14:09Z","timestamp":1681701249000},"page":"7341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Lichen-Derived Actinomycetota: Novel Taxa and Bioactive Metabolites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Qingrong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinpeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yage","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tangchang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4972-7449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaohua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-017-0972-4","article-title":"Diversity, antimicrobial activity, and biosynthetic potential of cultivable actinomycetes associated with lichen symbiosis","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajbio.20150305.12","article-title":"Diversity and anti-microbial activities of actinomycetes associated with three species of lichens","volume":"3","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00380050","article-title":"Effect of plant-growth rate and leaf lifetime on the amount and type of anti-herbivore defense","volume":"74","author":"Coley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NP00026J","article-title":"Actinomycetes: Still a source of novel antibiotics","volume":"34","author":"Genilloud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"92","article-title":"Selective isolation of potentially phosphate-mobilizing, biosurfactant-producing and biodegradative bacteria associated with a sub-Arctic, terricolous lichen, Peltigera membranacea","volume":"6","author":"Sigurbjornsdottir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fems Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21964","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA03579F","article-title":"The secondary metabolites of rare actinomycetes: Chemistry and bioactivity","volume":"9","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"005056","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.005056","article-title":"Valid publication of the names of forty- two phyla of prokaryotes","volume":"71","author":"Oren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-019-01826-1","article-title":"Aureimonas leprariae sp. nov. isolated from a Lepraria sp. lichen","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-020-01881-4","article-title":"Methylobacterium planium sp. nov. isolated from a lichen sample","volume":"202","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-021-02247-0","article-title":"Glaciibacter flavus sp. nov. isolated from a lichen sample","volume":"203","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.028324-0","article-title":"Frondihabitans cladoniiphilus sp nov. an actinobacterium of the family Microbacteriaceae isolated from lichen, and emended description of the genus Frondihabitans","volume":"61","author":"Cardinale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.55.339","article-title":"Leifsonia lichenia sp nov. isolated from lichen in Japan","volume":"55","author":"An","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003865","article-title":"Naasia lichenicola sp. nov. an actinobacterium isolated from lichen","volume":"70","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.54.253","article-title":"Schumannella luteola gen. nov. sp nov. a novel genus of the family Microbacteriaceae","volume":"54","author":"An","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001753","article-title":"Subtercola lobariae sp nov. an actinobacterium of the family Microbacteriaceae isolated from the lichen Lobaria retigera","volume":"67","author":"Si","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.000746","article-title":"Actinoplanes lichenis sp nov. isolated from lichen","volume":"66","author":"Phongsopitanun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"71","article-title":"Actinoplanes lichenicola sp. nov. and Actinoplanes ovalisporus sp. nov. isolated from lichen in Thailand","volume":"7","author":"Kanchanasin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-020-01928-1","article-title":"Nakamurella albus sp. nov.: A novel actinobacterium isolated from a lichen sample","volume":"77","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"204","article-title":"Nakamurella leprariae sp. nov. isolated from a lichen sample","volume":"19","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3209\/saj.SAJ210103","article-title":"Nocardioides exalbidus sp. nov. a novel actinomycete isolated from lichen in Izu-Oshima Island, Japan","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Actinomycetologica"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2012.45","article-title":"Luteimicrobium album sp nov. a novel actinobacterium isolated from a lichen collected in Japan, and emended description of the genus Luteimicrobium","volume":"65","author":"Hamada","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2011.15","article-title":"Actinomycetospora iriomotensis sp nov. a novel actinomycete isolated from a lichen sample","volume":"64","author":"Yamamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.028753-0","article-title":"Actinomycetospora rishiriensis sp nov. isolated from a lichen","volume":"61","author":"Yamamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s13199-019-00653-z","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of an endolichenic actinobacterium from the lichen thallus of Pseudocyphellaria berberina","volume":"80","author":"Vobis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Symbiosis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-020-02321-8","article-title":"Paracoccus lichenicola sp. nov. Isolated from Lichen","volume":"78","author":"Lang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-019-01304-5","article-title":"Rubellimicrobium rubrum sp. nov. a novel bright reddish bacterium isolated from a lichen sample","volume":"112","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Int. J. Gen. Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003052","article-title":"Streptomyces lichenis sp nov. isolated from lichen","volume":"68","author":"Phongsopitanun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03139","article-title":"Genome mining of Streptomyces sp. YIM 130001 isolated from lichen affords new thiopeptide antibiotic","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-022-01744-6","article-title":"Diversity of the culturable lichen-derived actinobacteria and the taxonomy of Streptomyces parmotrematis sp. nov","volume":"115","author":"Somphong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. Int. J. Gen. Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"71","article-title":"Actinomadura violacea sp. nov. a madurastatin A1-producing strain isolated from lichen in Thailand","volume":"12","author":"Kanchanasin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"72","article-title":"Actinomadura parmotrematis sp. nov. isolated from the foliose lichen, Parmotrema praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale","volume":"7","author":"Somphong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Z.Q., Hou, Y.G., Yang, Q.R., Li, X.P., and Wu, S.H. (2021). Structures and biological activities of diketopiperazines from marine organisms: A review. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19080403"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-020-02049-5","article-title":"Diverse secondary metabolites from a lichen-derived Amycolatopsis Strain","volume":"77","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noel, A., Ferron, S., Rouaud, I., Gouault, N., Hurvois, J.P., and Tomasi, S. (2017). Isolation and structure identification of novel brominated diketopiperazines from Nocardia ignorata a lichen-associated actinobacterium. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22030371"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10600-019-02812-6","article-title":"Secondary metabolites of two lichen-derived Streptomyces","volume":"55","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1002\/ejoc.201600252","article-title":"Cyaneodimycin, a bioactive compound isolated from the culture of Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus associated with Lichina confinis","volume":"2016","author":"Parrot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2020.126652","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and biosynthetic potential of cultivable actinomycetes associated with lichen symbiosis from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"244","author":"Hei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2016.06.006","article-title":"Ribosome-mediated synthesis of natural product-like peptides via cell-free translation","volume":"34","author":"Maini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.6b00215","article-title":"Affinity crystallography: A new approach to extracting high-affinity enzyme inhibitors from natural extracts","volume":"79","author":"Aguda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.1c00547","article-title":"Skyllamycins D and E, non-ribosomal cyclic depsipeptides from lichen-sourced Streptomyces anulatus","volume":"84","author":"Bracegirdle","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-022-00370-3","article-title":"Recent progress in biologically active indole hybrids: A mini review","volume":"74","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1021\/ol801274c","article-title":"Cladoniamides A-G, tryptophan-derived alkaloids produced in culture by Streptomyces uncialis","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6209","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.6209","article-title":"Review on synthesis of pyrrole derivatives promoted by nanoparticles","volume":"35","author":"Rostami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.1039\/C8OB02723D","article-title":"Improved synthesis of 2,4,6-trialkylpyridines from 1,5-diketoalkanes: The total synthesis of anibamine","volume":"17","author":"Miyakoshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3545","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.0c00547","article-title":"Amycolasporins and dibenzoyls from lichen-associated Amycolatopsis hippodromi and their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory Activities","volume":"83","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2012.32","article-title":"JBIR-120: A new growth inhibitor of hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells","volume":"65","author":"Kawahara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2007.05876.x","article-title":"Arabidopsis amidase 1, a member of the amidase signature family","volume":"274","author":"Neu","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020.2012.762764","article-title":"Two new compounds from the metabolites of a marine-derived actinomycete Streptomyces cavourensis YY01-17","volume":"15","author":"Su","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2019.04.011","article-title":"A new phthalazinone derivative and a new isoflavonoid glycoside from lichen-associated Amycolatopsis sp.","volume":"135","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2022.105254","article-title":"Secondary metabolites of the genus Nigrospora from terrestrial and marine habitats: Chemical diversity and biological activity","volume":"161","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2010.94","article-title":"A new angucycline and a new butenolide isolated from lichen-derived Streptomyces spp.","volume":"63","author":"Motohashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., Cao, B.X., Liu, C.B., Guan, P.P., Mu, Y., Jiang, Y., Han, L., and Huang, X.S. (2018). Actinofuranones D-I from a lichen-associated actinomycetes, Streptomyces gramineus, and their anti-inflammatory effects. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23092393"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-405927-6.00010-2","article-title":"Quinones and benzophenones from the medicinal plants of Africa","volume":"10","author":"Eyong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Plant Res. Afr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170057","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201700057","article-title":"Four new nanaomycins produced by Streptomyces hebeiensis derived from Lichen","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.48.1506","article-title":"BE-24566B, a new antibiotic Produced by Streptomyces violaceusniger","volume":"48","author":"Kojiri","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Steffimycin F, a new steffimycin-type derivative from the lichen-derived actinomycetes streptomyces sp.","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5233","DOI":"10.1021\/ol052081f","article-title":"Uncialamycin, a new enediyne antibiotic","volume":"7","author":"Davies","year":"2005","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NP00069G","article-title":"Isolation of naturally occurring novel isoflavonoids: An update","volume":"36","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.11.093","article-title":"Bound phenolics in foods, a review","volume":"152","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.09.026","article-title":"Phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of grain legume seeds: A review","volume":"101","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1080\/10402004.2021.1957523","article-title":"Hitherto unexplored three-membered heterocyclic rings favorably alter tribological properties of fatty acid linear esters","volume":"64","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tribol. Trans."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Synthesis of macrolide natural products from carbohydrates","volume":"9","author":"Lambu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297916080046","article-title":"Plant sterols: Diversity, biosynthesis, and physiological functions","volume":"81","author":"Valitova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. -Mosc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00387","article-title":"Cave actinobacteria as producers of bioactive metabolites","volume":"10","author":"Rangseekaew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"23","article-title":"Identification and antimicrobial activity of Streptomyces and Actinoplanes strains from lichens","volume":"5","author":"Kuncharoen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"9","article-title":"In antimicrobialactivity of lichens-associated Actinomycetes Strain LC-23","volume":"19","author":"Susanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Assoc. Comput. Mach."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2020.01.039","article-title":"Extraction and purification of an antimicrobial bioactive element from lichen associated Streptomyces olivaceus LEP7 against wound inhabiting microbial pathogens","volume":"32","author":"Rajaram","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1139\/w00-091","article-title":"Glucosidase inhibitor from Umbilicaria esculenta","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352010000600003","article-title":"Actinomycetes producers of beta-lactamases inhibitors with antimicrobial activity against microorganisms isolated from bovine mastitis","volume":"62","author":"Cunha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. E Zootec."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejbt.2014.11.001","article-title":"Fibrinolytic protease production by new Streptomyces sp. DPUA 1576 from Amazon lichens","volume":"18","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-4392201600022","article-title":"Screening, production and biochemical characterization of a new fibrinolytic enzyme produced by Streptomyces sp. (Streptomycetaceae) isolated from Amazonian lichens","volume":"46","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Amaz."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NP00091C","article-title":"Heterologous expression of bacterial natural product biosynthetic pathways","volume":"36","author":"Huo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09848-w","article-title":"Synthetic biology strategies for microbial biosynthesis of plant natural products","volume":"10","author":"Cravens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, K.S. (2011). Biosynthetic gene cluster for the cladoniamides, bis-indoles with a rearranged scaffold. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023694"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Z.Q., Xu, T.C., Wang, J.F., Hou, Y.G., Liu, C.S., Liu, S.S., and Wu, S.H. (2021). Secondary metabolites of the genus Amycolatopsis: Structures, bioactivities and biosynthesis. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26071884"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/8\/7341\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:16:41Z","timestamp":1760123801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/8\/7341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24087341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24087341","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]}}}