{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:08:01Z","timestamp":1767917281385,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]],"date-time":"2023-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Industrial Research Fund, Ghent University, Belgium","award":["F2020\/IOF-StarTT\/034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2020\/IOF-StarTT\/034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Presbyopia is an age-related vision disorder that is a global public health problem. Up to 85% of people aged \u226540 years develop presbyopia. In 2015, 1.8 billion people globally had presbyopia. Of those with significant near vision disabilities due to uncorrected presbyopia, 94% live in developing countries. Presbyopia is undercorrected in many countries, with reading glasses available for only 6\u201345% of patients living in developing countries. The high prevalence of uncorrected presbyopia in these parts of the world is due to the lack of adequate diagnosis and affordable treatment. The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is a non-enzymatic process known as the Maillard reaction. The accumulation of AGEs in the lens contributes to lens aging (leading to presbyopia and cataract formation). Non-enzymatic lens protein glycation induces the gradual accumulation of AGEs in aging lenses. AGE-reducing compounds may be effective at preventing and treating AGE-related processes. Fructosyl-amino acid oxidase (FAOD) is active on both fructosyl lysine and fructosyl valine. As the crosslinks encountered in presbyopia are mainly non-disulfide bridges, and based on the positive results of deglycating enzymes in cataracts (another disease caused by glycation of lens proteins), we studied the ex vivo effects of topical FAOD treatment on the power of human lenses as a new potential non-invasive treatment for presbyopia. This study demonstrated that topical FAOD treatment resulted in an increase in lens power, which is approximately equivalent to the correction obtained by most reading glasses. The best results were obtained for the newer lenses. Simultaneously, a decrease in lens opacity was observed, which improved lens quality. We also demonstrated that topical FAOD treatment results in a breakdown of AGEs, as evidenced by gel permeation chromatography and a marked reduction in autofluorescence. This study demonstrated the therapeutic potential of topical FAOD treatment in presbyopia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T03:14:09Z","timestamp":1681701249000},"page":"7343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Topical Application of Deglycating Enzymes as an Alternative Non-Invasive Treatment for Presbyopia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5702-6792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joris R.","family":"Delanghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0711-2465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"Beeckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6608-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen","family":"Beerens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Himpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nezahat","family":"Bostan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antwerp Biobank, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9183-4390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marijn M.","family":"Speeckaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margo","family":"Notebaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5331-9486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manon","family":"Huizing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antwerp Biobank, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2418-701X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Van Aken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S259011","article-title":"Presbyopia\u2014A Review of Current Treatment Options and Emerging Therapies","volume":"15","author":"Katz","year":"2021","journal-title":"OPTH"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.04.013","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Presbyopia and Vision Impairment from Uncorrected Presbyopia","volume":"125","author":"Fricke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5701","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.012604","article-title":"Glycation-Mediated Inter-Protein Cross-Linking Is Promoted by Chaperone\u2013Client Complexes of \u03b1-Crystallin: Implications for Lens Aging and Presbyopia","volume":"295","author":"Nandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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