{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:31:39Z","timestamp":1791577899528,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the prognostic impact of albumin levels in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS). Intensive care unit (ICU) related mortality in CS patients remains unacceptably high despite improvement concerning the treatment of CS patients. Limited data regarding the prognostic value of albumin in patients with CS is available. All consecutive patients with CS from 2019 to 2021 were included at one institution. Laboratory values were retrieved from the day of disease onset (day 1) and days 2, 3, 4, and 8 thereafter. The prognostic impact of albumin was tested for 30-day all-cause mortality. Moreover, the prognostic performance of albumin decline during ICU treatment was examined. Statistical analyses included univariable t-test, Spearman\u2019s correlation, Kaplan\u2013Meier analyses, multivariable mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA), C-Statistics, and Cox proportional regression analyses. In total, 230 CS patients were included, with an overall all-cause mortality at 30 days of 54%. The median albumin on day 1 was 30.0 g\/L. Albumin on day 1 was able to discriminate between 30-day survivors and non-survivors (area under the curve (AUC) 0.607; 0.535\u20130.680; p = 0.005). CS patients with albumin &lt; 30.0 g\/L were associated with an increased risk of 30-day all-cause mortality (63% vs. 46%; log-rank p = 0.016; HR = 1.517; 95% CI 1.063\u20132.164; p = 0.021), which was demonstrated even after multivariable adjustment. Moreover, a decrease of albumin levels by \u226520% from day 1 to day 3 was accompanied by a higher risk of 30-days all-cause mortality (56% vs. 39%; log-rank p = 0.036; HR = 1.645; 95% CI 1.014\u20132.669; p = 0.044). Especially when combined with lactate, creatinine, and cardiac troponin I, reliable discrimination of 30-day all-cause mortality was observed, including albumin in CS risk stratification models (AUC = 0.745; 95% CI 0.677\u20130.814; p = 0.001). In conclusion, low baseline albumin levels as well as a decay of albumin levels during the course of ICU treatment, deteriorate prognostic outcomes in CS patients. The additional assessment of albumin levels may further improve risk stratification in CS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T04:45:32Z","timestamp":1681706732000},"page":"7375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Does Albumin Predict the Risk of Mortality in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8171-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Schupp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5970-0093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Behnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Rusnak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marinela","family":"Ruka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Dudda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Forner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6874-0126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sascha","family":"Egner-Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Barre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Abumayyaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bertsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8793-3134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Interventional Electrophysiology, Heart Centre Bad Neustadt, 97616 Bad Neustadt a. d. Saale, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Akin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.585","article-title":"Fifteen-year trends in the management of cardiogenic shock and associated 1-year mortality in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction: The FAST-MI programme","volume":"18","author":"Aissaoui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. 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