{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:50:37Z","timestamp":1789537837617,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente)","award":["2017A5TXC3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017A5TXC3"]}]},{"name":"MIUR","award":["2017A5TXC3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017A5TXC3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is able to regulate the transcription of a number of genes in the myotube, although its roles in skeletal muscle (SM) metabolism still await demonstration. SM represents a major site for glucose uptake, and its metabolic derangements play a pivotal role in the development of insulin resistance (IR). The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of SM MR in mediating derangements of glucose metabolism in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. We observed that mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD mice) showed impaired glucose tolerance compared to mice fed a normal diet (ND mice). Mice fed a 60% HFD treated with the MR antagonist Spironolactone (HFD + Spiro) for 12 weeks revealed an improvement in glucose tolerance, as measured with an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, compared with HFD mice. To investigate if blockade of SM MR could contribute to the favorable metabolic effects observed with pharmacological MR antagonism, we analyzed MR expression in the gastrocnemius, showing that SM MR protein abundance is downregulated by HFD compared to ND mice and that pharmacological treatment with Spiro was able to partially revert this effect in HFD + Spiro mice. Differently from what we have observed in adipose tissue, where HDF increased adipocyte MR expression, SM MR protein was down-regulated in our experimental model, suggesting a completely different role of SM MR in the regulation of glucose metabolism. To confirm this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of MR blockade on insulin signaling in a cellular model of IRin C2C12 myocytes, which were treated with or without Spiro. We confirmed MR protein downregulation in insulin-resistant myotubes. We also analyzed Akt phosphorylation upon insulin stimulation, and we did not observe any difference between palmitate- and palmitate + Spiro-treated cells. These results were confirmed by in vitro glucose uptake analysis. Taken together, our data indicate that reduced activity of SM MR does not improve insulin signaling in mouse skeletal myocytes and does not contribute to the favorable metabolic effects on glucose tolerance and IR induced by systemic pharmacological MR blockade.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T02:30:03Z","timestamp":1681785003000},"page":"7412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neutral Effect of Skeletal Muscle Mineralocorticoid Receptor on Glucose Metabolism in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Feraco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Gorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Mammi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7509-5487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2130-1596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Armani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0722-7163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Caprio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08860813","article-title":"Homeostasis, the milieu interieur, and the wisdom of the nephron","volume":"9","author":"Hoenig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. 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