{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T20:18:55Z","timestamp":1765484335630,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Heisenberg-Professorshipfor Aortic Surgery of the German Research Foundation (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["278040814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["278040814"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Access Publishing Fund of Leipzig University supported by the German Research Foundation","award":["278040814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["278040814"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common cardiovascular congenital abnormality and is frequently associated with proximal aortopathy. We analyzed the tissues of patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) regarding the protein expression of the receptor for advanced glycation products (RAGE) and its ligands, the advanced glycation end products (AGE), as well as the S100 calcium-binding protein A6 (S100A6). Since S100A6 overexpression attenuates cardiomyocyte apoptosis, we investigated the diverse pathways of apoptosis and autophagic cell death in the human ascending aortic specimen of 57 and 49 patients with BAV and TAV morphology, respectively, to identify differences and explanations for the higher risk of patients with BAV for severe cardiovascular diseases. We found significantly increased levels of RAGE, AGE and S100A6 in the aortic tissue of bicuspid patients which may promote apoptosis via the upregulation of caspase-3 activity. Although increased caspase-3 activity was not detected in BAV patients, increased protein expression of the 48 kDa fragment of vimentin was detected. mTOR as a downstream protein of Akt was significantly higher in patients with BAV, whereas Bcl-2 was increased in patients with TAV, assuming a better protection against apoptosis. The autophagy-related proteins p62 and ERK1\/2 were increased in patients with BAV, assuming that cells in bicuspid tissue are more likely to undergo apoptotic cell death leading to changes in the wall and finally to aortopathies. We provide first-hand evidence of increased apoptotic cell death in the aortic tissue of BAV patients which may thus provide an explanation for the increased risk of structural aortic wall deficiency possibly underlying aortic aneurysm formation or acute dissection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T05:18:13Z","timestamp":1681795093000},"page":"7429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Apoptotic Cell Death in Bicuspid-Aortic-Valve-Associated Aortopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7053-9015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Barnard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heisenberg Working Group, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josephina","family":"Haunschild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heisenberg Working Group, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"University Department for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Heiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5503-9901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja T.","family":"Dieterlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Klaeske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Borger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian D.","family":"Etz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heisenberg Working Group, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"University Department for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2013-028","article-title":"The global burden of congenital heart disease","volume":"24","author":"Hoffman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. 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