{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T13:40:13Z","timestamp":1776087613264,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["81803530\u2013YB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81803530\u2013YB"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["R01 HL127342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL127342"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["R01HL111656\u2013RFM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL111656\u2013RFM"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["81803530\u2013YB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81803530\u2013YB"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 HL127342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL127342"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01HL111656\u2013RFM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL111656\u2013RFM"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a pulmonary vascular disease characterized by the progressive elevation of pulmonary arterial pressures. It is becoming increasingly apparent that inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of PAH. Several viruses are known to cause PAH, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), human endogenous retrovirus K(HERV-K), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), in part due to acute and chronic inflammation. In this review, we discuss the connections between HERV-K, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, and PAH, to stimulate research regarding new therapeutic options and provide new targets for the treatment of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T01:39:05Z","timestamp":1681868345000},"page":"7472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Human Endogenous Retrovirus, SARS-CoV-2, and HIV Promote PAH via Inflammation and Growth Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Desheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta T.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanfei","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clare C.","family":"Prohaska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarvesh","family":"Chelvanambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias A.","family":"Clauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4785-7039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongfang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto F.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingqi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4420-4553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv317","article-title":"2015 ESC\/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT)","volume":"37","author":"Humbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. 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