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DMD presents as cognitive weakness, progressive skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration until pre-mature death from cardiac or respiratory failure. Innovative therapies have improved life expectancy; however, this is accompanied by increased late-onset heart failure and emergent cognitive degeneration. Thus, better assessment of dystrophic heart and brain pathophysiology is needed. Chronic inflammation is strongly associated with skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration; however, neuroinflammation\u2019s role is largely unknown in DMD despite being prevalent in other neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we present an inflammatory marker translocator protein (TSPO) positron emission tomography (PET) protocol for in vivo concomitant assessment of immune cell response in hearts and brains of a dystrophin-deficient mouse model [mdx:utrn(+\/\u2212)]. Preliminary analysis of whole-body PET imaging using the TSPO radiotracer, [18F]FEPPA in four mdx:utrn(+\/\u2212) and six wildtype mice are presented with ex vivo TSPO-immunofluorescence tissue staining. The mdx:utrn(+\/\u2212) mice showed significant elevations in heart and brain [18F]FEPPA activity, which correlated with increased ex vivo fluorescence intensity, highlighting the potential of TSPO-PET to simultaneously assess presence of cardiac and neuroinflammation in dystrophic heart and brain, as well as in several organs within a DMD model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T03:25:11Z","timestamp":1681961111000},"page":"7522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Protocol for Simultaneous In Vivo Imaging of Cardiac and Neuroinflammation in Dystrophin-Deficient MDX Mice Using [18F]FEPPA PET"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Joanne M.","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0084-3553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"McClennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linshan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hadway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Ronald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0269-9364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin W.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8864-035X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udunna C.","family":"Anazodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922809347777","article-title":"Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A 30-year population-based incidence study","volume":"49","author":"Dooley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. 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