{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T20:56:12Z","timestamp":1781556972539,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":266,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004700","name":"Taipei Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["111TMU-SHH-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111TMU-SHH-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004700","name":"Taipei Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 111-2314-B-038-028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2314-B-038-028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["111TMU-SHH-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111TMU-SHH-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 111-2314-B-038-028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2314-B-038-028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome that becomes worse over time, certain cases can be reversed with appropriate treatments. While coronary artery spasm (CAS) is still underappreciated and may be misdiagnosed, ischemia due to coronary artery disease and CAS is becoming the single most frequent cause of HF worldwide. CAS could lead to syncope, HF, arrhythmias, and myocardial ischemic syndromes such as asymptomatic ischemia, rest and\/or effort angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Albeit the clinical significance of asymptomatic CAS has been undervalued, affected individuals compared with those with classic Heberden\u2019s angina pectoris are at higher risk of syncope, life-threatening arrhythmias, and sudden death. As a result, a prompt diagnosis implements appropriate treatment strategies, which have significant life-changing consequences to prevent CAS-related complications, such as HF. Although an accurate diagnosis depends mainly on coronary angiography and provocative testing, clinical characteristics may help decision-making. Because the majority of CAS-related HF (CASHF) patients present with less severe phenotypes than overt HF, it underscores the importance of understanding risk factors correlated with CAS to prevent the future burden of HF. This narrative literature review summarises and discusses separately the epidemiology, clinical features, pathophysiology, and management of patients with CASHF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T03:25:11Z","timestamp":1681961111000},"page":"7530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Coronary Artery Spasm-Related Heart Failure Syndrome: Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ming-Jui","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Keelung, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Keelung City 24201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5189-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Tai","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research and Education, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Continuing Education Program of Food Biotechnology Applications, College of Science and Engineering, National Taitung University, Taitung 95092, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9751-6710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas G.","family":"Kounis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University of Patras Medical School, 26221 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Koniari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Riverside Medical Clinic, Riverside, CA 92506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6912-7523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Yow","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No.291, Zhongzheng Rd., Zhonghe District, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110301, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra021498","article-title":"Heart failure","volume":"348","author":"Jessup","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. 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